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Chapter 9

Practice Test

Practice Test

This activity contains 20 questions.

	Research on the development of play indicates that   make-believe play becomes increasingly self-centered with age. children younger than 2 years tend to pretend with objects that bear little resemblance to the objects for which they stand. preschoolers are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity. sociodramatic play decreases during the preschool years.

	In one study, 2 1/2-year-olds were unable to use a scale model of a room to find a toy hidden in the room that the model represented. This is because young preschoolers have difficulty with   deferred imitation. analogical problem solving. dual representation. transitive inference.

	According to Piaget, young children’s thinking often is illogical because they are not capable of   mental representations. operations. animistic thinking. accommodation.

	In Piaget’s theory, operations are mental representations of actions that   are not open to distortion from external influences. are stored with the benefit of language. focus on the perspectives of others. obey logical rules.

	Three-year-old Noah thinks that planes and helicopters are alive. This is an example of   animistic thinking. centration. dual representation. irreversibility.

	In Piaget’s theory, centration refers to preoperational children’s   inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction. tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features. belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities. idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

	According to Piaget, the most serious deficiency of preoperational thought is   intersubjectivity. egocentrism. centration. animistic thinking.

	Which of the following suggests that Piaget may have overestimated preschoolers’ egocentrism?   Preschoolers often attribute lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. Preschoolers fail to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from their own. Preschoolers use simpler, shorter expressions when talking with younger children than when talking with older children or adults. Preschoolers are capable of forming mental representations of their experiences.

	Follow-up research on preoperational thought suggests that preschoolers are most likely to display illogical reasoning when tasks are   simplified. unfamiliar. made relevant to their everyday lives. based on appearances.

	After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at their reflection in a mirror, young preschoolers often are wary. This is because they do not yet fully grasp   hierarchical categorization. cardinality centration. the appearance-reality distinction.

	In Anh’s preschool, she can choose freely between a number of activities where she can interact spontaneously with a wide variety of materials and play areas. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of   scaffolding. intersubjectivity. discovery learning. cooperative learning.

	Most research indicates that young children use private speech   when they are engaged in cooperative dialogues. when they cannot find a conversational partner. during challenging activities. because they are egocentric.

	According to Vygotsky’s theory, two important features of social interaction are   pragmatics and fast mapping. recasts and expansions. intersubjectivity and scaffolding. egocentrism and private speech.

	In Vygotsky’s theory, __________ refers to adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance.   guided participation scaffolding the zone of proximal development intersubjectivity

	Memory for __________ is an example of an episodic memory.   a classmate’s face a set of words the hiding place of a favorite toy a visit to the zoo

	Children whose parents use an elaborative style to talk about the past __________ than children whose parents use a repetitive style.   are more skilled in memory strategy use are better at planning produce more detailed autobiographical narratives have better recognition memory

	The term metacognition means thinking about   strategies. memory. attention. thought.

	Emergent literacy refers to   the automatic retrieval of word meanings in long-term memory during reading and writing tasks. an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes phonics. a method of reading instruction that parallels children’s natural language learning and keeps reading materials whole. young children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through information experiences.

	The principle of cardinality refers to the understanding that   the last word in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set. the most efficient addition strategy is to start with the highest digit and count on. adding and subtracting the same number leaves the original quantity unchanged. reducing the value of a column by one unit and increasing the value of the column immediately to its right by ten units leaves unchanged the value of the original number.

	According to the syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis, children   overextend many grammatical rules to words that are exceptions. assume that words refer to entirely separate categories. discover many word meanings by observing how they are used in sentences. rely on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules.

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