- Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during early childhood, and discuss asynchronies in physical growth.
- Discuss brain development in early childhood, including lateralization and handedness and myelinization of the cerebellum, reticular formation, and corpus callosum.
- Explain how heredity and hormones, emotional well-being, nutrition, infectious disease, and malnutrition impact early childhood growth.
- Compare childhood immunization rates in the United States and Canada with those of other industrialized nations.
- Summarize factors related to childhood injuries, and cite preventive measures.
- Cite advances in gross and fine motor development in early childhood, including individual and sex differences.
- Describe advances in mental representation during the preschool years, including the changes in and benefits of make-believe play.
- Describe the limitations of Piaget's preoperational stage and summarize recent research on preoperational thought.
- Describe three educational principles derived from Piaget's theory.
- Contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on the development and significance of children's private speech.
- Explain Vygotsky's position on the social origins of cognitive development.
- Discuss applications of Vygotsky's theory to education, and summarize challenges to his ideas.
- Describe the development of attention and memory during early childhood.
- Discuss preschoolers' awareness of an inner mental life, factors that support their early understanding, and limitations of theory of mind.
- Trace the development of preschoolers' literacy and mathematical reasoning.
- Cite individual differences in mental development.
- Describe the impact of home environment, preschool, kindergarten, and child are, and educational television on mental development in early childhood.
- Trace the development of vocabulary, grammar, and conversational skills, and cite factors that support language learning in early childhood.
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