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Chapter 4

Ask Yourself

Ask Yourself

This activity contains 20 questions.

	REVIEW: How does stimulation affect early brain development? Cite evidence at the level of neurons and at the level of the cerebral cortex. (pp. 122–124)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: How do overproduction of synapses and synaptic pruning support infants’ and children’s ability to learn? (pp. 121–123)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	APPLY: Which infant enrichment program would you choose: one that emphasizes gentle talking and touching and exposure to sights, sounds, and social games, or one that includes reading and number drills and classical music lessons? Explain. (pp. 126–127)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REFLECT: What is your attitude toward parent–infant cosleeping? Is it influenced by your cultural background? Explain. (p. 129)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: Explain why breastfeeding can have lifelong consequences for the development of babies born in poverty-stricken regions of the world. (pp. 130–131)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	APPLY: Ten-month-old Shaun is below average in height and painfully thin. He has one of two serious growth disorders. Name them, and indicate what clues you would look for to tell which one Shaun has. (pp. 131–133)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	CONNECT: How are bidirectional influences between parent and child involved in the negative impact of malnutrition on psychological development? (pp. 131–133)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REFLECT: Imagine that you are the parent of a newborn baby. Describe some feeding practices you would use, and some you would avoid, to prevent overweight and obesity. (p. 131)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: Provide an example of classical conditioning, of operant conditioning, and of habituation / recovery in young infants. Why is each type of learning useful? (pp. 133–135)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	APPLY: Nine-month-old Byron has a toy with large, colored push buttons on it. Each time he pushes a button, he hears a nursery tune. Which learning capacity is the toy’s manufacturer taking advantage of? What can Byron’s play with the toy reveal about his perception of sound patterns? (pp. 133–134)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	CONNECT: Infants with nonorganic failure to thrive rarely smile at friendly adults. Also, they anxiously keep track of nearby adults. Explain these reactions using the learning capacities discussed in the preceding sections. (pp. 133–136)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: Cite evidence that motor development is a joint product of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. (pp. 138–139)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	APPLY: List everyday experiences that support mastery of reaching, grasping, sitting, and crawling. Why should caregivers place young infants in a variety of waking-time body positions? (pp. 137–140)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	CONNECT: Provide several examples of how motor development influences infants’ social experiences. How do social experiences, in turn, influence motor development? (p. 137)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REFLECT: Do you favor early, systematic training of infants in motor skills such as crawling, walking, and stair climbing? Why or why not? (pp. 137–140)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: What gains in pattern perception contribute to infants’ improved perception of faces during the first year? (pp. 143, 145-146)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	REVIEW: Using examples, show how intermodal perception supports all aspects of infant psychological development. (pp. 146–147)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	Connect: According to differentiation theory, perceptual development reflects infants' active search for invariant features. Provide examples from research on hearing, pattern perception, and intermodal perception. (p. 139)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	APPLY: After several weeks of crawling, Ben learned to avoid going headfirst down a steep incline. Now he has started to walk. Can his parents trust him not to try walking down the steep surface? Explain. (p. 142)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	CONNECT: According to differentiation theory, perceptual development reflects infants’ active search for invariant features. Provide examples from research on hearing, pattern perception, and intermodal perception. (pp. 141–143, 145–146)   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

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