- Describe changes in body size, proportions, and skeletal maturity during middle childhood.
- Identify common health problems in middle childhood, discuss their causes and consequences, and cite ways to treat them.
- Cite major milestones of gross and fine motor development in middle childhood, noting sex differences.
- Describe qualities of children's play during middle childhood, along with consequences for cognitive and social development.
- Discuss the benefits of high-quality physical education during the school years.
- Summarize the major achievements of Piaget's concrete operational stage.
- Cite limitations of concrete operational thought, noting challenges to Piaget's findings.
- Discuss the information-processing view of concrete operational thought.
- Cite two basic changes in information processing that occur during middle childhood.
- List three ways attention changes in middle childhood.
- Describe the development of memory strategies in middle childhood.
- Explain how the school-age child's knowledge base and culture and schooling contribute to memory performance.
- Describe the school-age child's theory of mind and capacity to engage in cognitive self-regulation.
- Cite applications of information processing to academic learning, noting existing controversies in teaching reading and mathematics to elementary school children.
- Discuss major approaches to defining and measuring intelligence, including Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
- Describe evidence indicating that both heredity and environment contribute to IQ, and discuss cultural influences on mental test scores of ethnic minority children.
- Discuss advances in vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics during middle childhood, and discuss the advantages of bilingualism.
- Explain how class size, educational philosophies, teacher-pupil interaction patterns, and larger cultural context contribute to children's learning in school.
- Cite ways in which schools serve children with special learning needs.
- Compare the academic accomplishments of North American children with those of Asian children.
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