1. Introduction
   
   
2. Population Validity
   
   
3. Ecological Validity
   1. Multiple-Treatment Interference
   2. The Hawthorne Effect
   3. The Experimenter Effect
   4. The Pretesting Effect
   
   
4. Temporal Validity
   1. Seasonal Variation
   2. Cyclical Variation
   3. Personological Variation
   
   
5. Relationship Between Internal and External Validity
   
   
6. Cautions in Evaluating the External Validity of Experiments
   
   
7. Summary

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