1 .		Vowels The acoustic patterns of vowels are established by the spatial relationship between the frequency locations having the highest energy (signal amplitude)-the formants. For most vowels in American English, the distance between the first formant (F1) and the second formant (F2) appears to be the most salient feature for listener perception. These formant positions result from the position of the constriction formed by the tongue, that is, the size of the oral cavity that is in front of the lingual constriction and the pharyngeal cavity that is behind the lingual constriction. The frequency location for F1 is determined by the size of the pharyngeal cavity, which is affected primarily by the position of the tongue. The lower the position of the tongue in the oral cavity, the more the bulk of the tongue rests in the pharynx, thus diminishing pharyngeal cavity area and raising F1. F2 is derived based on the length of the oral cavity and the amount of lip rounding. As the highest point of the tongue retracts and or the lips are rounded, the size of the oral cavity increases and F2 is lowered. The different positions of lingual constrictions in the vocal tract are described in the voice quadrilateral (see http://www.sil.org/). Indicate whether F2 of the vowel would raise or lower in when compared to the mid-central vowel
2 .		Vowels continued Indicate whether F2 of the vowel would raise or lower in when compared to the mid-central vowel
3 .		Vowels continued Indicate whether F2 of the vowel would raise or lower in when compared to the mid-central vowel
4 .		Vowels continued Indicate whether F2 of the vowel would raise or lower in when compared to the mid-central vowel
5 .		Consonants Formants do not distinguish between consonants' acoustic patterns quite as well as they do for vowels. The acoustic patterns of consonants are characterized by changes in periodicity, duration, and direction of formant transitions between consonants and vowels. Consonants that can be prolonged usually have longer durations, more recognizable formants with slow transitions to and from vowels. These consonants include the glides and liquids (semivowels). Stop consonants are produced with a complete constriction that briefly halts the flow of the air stream. They have an acoustic pattern in which a period of silence occurs followed by an abrupt spike of sound as the obstruction is released. Fricative consonants are characterized by high-frequency, aperiodic sound as the air stream is tumbled through a narrow opening in the vocal tract. Stopping the air stream, then releasing it with frication produces affricated consonants. The acoustic pattern is a period of silence followed by aperiodic sound energy. Nasal consonants show energy at a low frequency (due to the lengthening of the vocal tract) and very little energy at any high frequencies due to damping that occurs in the nares. In the spectrogram shown below, identify the indicated items as a voiceless fricative , a vowel , or a voiced stop consonant .   For each item below, use the pull-down menu to select the letter which labels the correct part of the image. 5.1  Choice A Choice B Choice C voiced stop consonant  [Hint] 5.2  Choice A Choice B Choice C vowel  [Hint] 5.3  Choice A Choice B Choice C voiceless fricative  [Hint]
6 .		Consonants continued In the spectrogram shown below, identify the indicated items as a formant transition , a nasal consonant , and prevocalic voicing using the acoustic features shown below.   For each item below, use the pull-down menu to select the letter which labels the correct part of the image. 6.1  Choice A Choice B Choice C nasal  [Hint] 6.2  Choice A Choice B Choice C prevocalic voicing  [Hint] 6.3  Choice A Choice B Choice C formant transition  [Hint]
7 .		Articulatory Phonetics There is a rule-governed speech sound system for every human language. Yet, as speech is produced, the actual sounds produced vary as a function of the articulatory and linguistic context in which they occur. The rule system for sounds in a given language-its phonology-allows for these variations. The rules are determined, in part, by physiological constraints, that is, what combination of movements can be accomplished by the speaker's articulatory structures and what can be perceived by the listener's auditory system. There are also linguistic constraints operating to determine permissible sound variations; for example, in English, [-ns] is an appropriate consonant cluster but cannot indicate plurality, which must be realized as [-nz]. When Speech-Language Pathologists evaluate a person's speech production, they can produce a transcript of the actual sounds uttered using phonetic symbols. The symbols included in the IPA are commonly used. These symbols can be applied to utterances spoken in any language whether the speech sounds are correctly or incorrectly produced. Transcription can be accomplished with different depth of detail, depending on the purpose to be fulfilled. A phonemic transcript would represent the sounds that a speaker produced to signal a meaning change. It could represent the speaker's morphophonemic inventory. However, a phonetic transcript would include each sound produced by a speaker whether meaning changes occurred. This transcript could yield information concerning the total sound production corpus for a given speaker. Terminology Terms used in the study of phonetics frequently can be used to designate the level of analysis being applied to an utterance. Terms used to describe linguistic relationships between sounds are not used when articulatory production is the area of focus. Likewise, articulatory descriptive terms yield no information regarding the grammatical and semantic implication of sound changes. The transcription of the utterance is an example of:
8 .		Terminology continued The use of diacritic markings in a transcript is an example of:
9 .		Terminology continued Allophones that are in complementary distribution:
10 .		Terminology continued A complete inventory of a speaker's morphemic productions is called:
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