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Development Timeline
Late Childhood


LATE CHILDHOOD

AGES 7-8
AGES 9-10

  • marked skeletal growth
  • permanent teeth
  • increased nutritional, health, and safety risks
  • improvements in jumping, throwing, catching, kicking, and batting
  • participation in school life
  • achievement of literacy and legible printing
  • concrete operational thinking
  • knowledge of conservation and decentration
  • development of logic and reversible thinking
  • increased skills in hierarchical classification and seriation
  • appearance of heteronomous morality
  • involvement in organized games and activities
  • peer group identification
  • increased prosocial behavior
  • higher-level development of friendships
  • academic, social, and physical self-esteem based on attributions of success and failure
  • start of growth spurt for girls
  • improved coordination, balance, and reaction times
  • cursive writing
  • drawing three-dimensionally and in perspective
  • greater metacognitive awareness
  • use of memory strategies in learning
  • understanding of metaphors, double meanings, and humor
  • interest in social comparisons of self with others
  • greater self-regulation
  • ability to adapt conversations to needs of others
  • morality based on external qualities


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