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Topic 6: Wood, Mastering the World of Psychology, 4e

Chapter 5: Learning

Practice Test

Practice Test

This activity contains 33 questions.

	Learning is typically defined as ___.   associations gleaned from interactions with others a perception that new knowledge has been gained an innate sense of how to do certain tasks any change in behavior a relatively long-term change in behavior due to experience

	___ is credited with discovering classical conditioning.   Watson Skinner Bandura Thorndike Pavlov

	In Pavlov's initial classical conditioning experiment, ___ served as the conditioned stimulus.   salivation food the tone the dog Pavlov himself

	___ learning occurs when a CS is paired with an unpleasant US that leads the organism to try to avoid the CS.   Trace Backward Delayed Simultaneous Avoidance

	Watson and Rayner's work with "Little Albert" involved studying the emotional response of ___.   sadness surprise fear happiness disgust

	Jack became sick after eating a piece of moldy gouda cheese; consequently, he now hates gouda cheese. This example closely illustrates ___.   spontaneous recovery biological preparedness contrapreparedness a conditioned emotional response extinction

	Once classical conditioning occurs, the connection between the CS and US ___.   needs to be maintained can vanish in certain individuals apparently never completely vanishes can act in many unpredictable ways eventually will vanish

	Edward, a toddler, learns that certain berries should never be eaten, while others should. This example illustrates ___.   a generalization gradient higher order conditioning stimulus generalization extinction stimulus discrimination

	The brain structure known as the ___ is especially important in understanding conditioned fear.   thalamus medulla cerebellum hypothalamus amygdala

	An application of classical conditioning is a therapeutic technique known as ___.   punishment free association cognitive reappraisal systematic desensitization unconditional positive regard

	Evaluative conditioning is particularly used in the field of ___.   education medicine religion advertising law

	Harriet has developed anticipatory nausea. As such, she probably suffers from ___.   heart disease an eating disorder cancer AIDS a psychosomatic disorder

	Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as   healthy is to unhealthy. learning is to appreciation. active is to passive. unhealthy is to healthy. passive is to active.

	Thorndike believed that actions would be more likely to be repeated if they subsequently lead to   the possibility of gained information. the prospect of acquired wealth. a satisfying state of affairs. the threat of an adverse reaction. nothing adverse.

	Responses are emitted in   neither classical nor operant conditioning. operant but not classical conditioning. any form of conditioning. classical but not operant conditioning. classical and operant conditioning.

	Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as   bad is to good. possible is to impossible. good is to bad. present is to remove. remove is to present.

	David's mother is very upset with him for talking back to her. So, she decides to take away one of his favorite toys for a day. This example illustrates ___.   positive punishment negative punishment negative reinforcement. avoidance learning positive reinforcement

	All of the following would likely be an example of a secondary reinforcer EXCEPT ___.   attention praise relief from pain money promotion

	The use of "tokens" is typically associated with ___.   systematic desensitization immediate reinforcement shaping flooding behavior modification

	Carla's parents are trying to teach their toddler to wipe her hands on a towel or napkin and not her own or others' clothes. This example illustrates the importance of ___.   discrimination generalization shaping extinction spontaneous recovery

	Dolphins are often trained to do tricks through the process of ___.   discrimination shaping generalization spontaneous recovery extinction

	Weekly paychecks help to illustrate the processes underlying ___.   fixed ratio schedules interval schedules fixed interval schedules ratio schedules continuous reinforcements

	___ typically underlie the operation of slot machines.   Variable ratio schedules Variable interval schedules Fixed ratio schedules Successive approximations Partial reinforcements

	Which of the following concepts are common to classical and operant conditioning?   spontaneous recovery extinction (stimulus) generalization avoidance learning All of the above.

	Other people's facial expressions can change our behavior through operant conditioning.    True  False

	As a young child, when you were learning how to do simple math, you were engaged in cognitive learning.    True  False

	Learning that occurs without behavioral signs is called insight learning.    True  False

	Albert Bandura is typically credited with studying the nature of insight learning.    True  False

	After watching his father mow the grass, Zachary took his toy mower and tried to "mow the grass" himself. This example illustrates modeling.    True  False

	Both modeling and operant conditioning are involved in learning about culture and gender.    True  False

	Summarize and discuss the four main variations of Pavlov's classical conditioning procedure.   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	Contrast and briefly explain the four key differences between classical and operant conditioning.   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

	Summarize the key findings of Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" study.   To create paragraphs in your essay response, type <p> at the beginning of the paragraph, and </p> at the end.

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