Chapter 12
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
- Define motivation and describe the four basic components of motivation.
- Explain the evolutionary theory of motivation and discuss how motivation and emotion might contribute to human survival and reproduction.
- Outline drive theory and discuss how animals and human beings strive to maintain homeostasis and the types of conflicts that humans tend to deal with.
- Specify how arousal and sensory stimulation needs differ from other biological needs and describe how various levels of arousal and anxiety affect performance.
- Discuss expectancy theories and explain their relation to social needs.
- Describe the cognitive theory of motivation and compare and contrast the roles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation within this theory.
- Outline Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and define self-actualization.
- Identify and explain the physiological, environmental, and cultural determinants of hunger.
- Compare the physiological and psychological explanations of obesity and overeating.
- Discuss how hormones, sights, sounds, smells, and fantasies may initiate sex drive in humans and animals.
- Outline the human sexual response cycle, and compare and contrast the findings of the Kinsey studies and the Lauman studies as they relate to human sexual behavior.
- Define the need for achievement and affiliation, describe how tests are used to describe individual differences in these needs, and discuss their importance based on research findings.
- Define emotion and discuss the three key elements of emotion.
- Describe the physiological theories of emotion and compare and contrast the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard physiological theories of emotion.
- Summarize the evolutionary theory of emotion.
- Describe the cognitive theories of emotion outlined by Schachter-Singer and Lazarus.
- Review the interactions between culture, gender and emotion and discuss whether humans can control their emotions.
