- Define validity and identify the two types of inferences typically used in educational research. Explain the importance of validity in research.
- Identify five types of evidence used to estimate validity and discuss their use in specific situations.
- Evaluate the validity of specific instruments in specific situations.
- Define reliability and identify sources of measurement error. Explain the importance of reliability in research.
- Identify five general estimates of reliability. Differentiate each one from the others in terms of the procedures by which it is estimated.
- Identify the parameters within which reliability coefficients are interpreted as well as the factors that should be considered when interpreting them. Evaluate the reliability of an existing instrument.
- Define the term paper-and-pencil instrument. Differentiate between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced interpretation. Identify examples of standardized, aptitude, and achievement tests. Define performance-based and portfolio assessments and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Define the term affective traits. Identify the types of instruments used to measure these traits as well as the technical concerns associated with these instruments.
- Define the term questionnaire and state the advantages and disadvantages of this data collection method. Describe the steps used to develop a questionnaire, the types of items used in questionnaires, and the advantages of pilot-testing a questionnaire. Evaluate an existing questionnaire in terms of general formatting and specific item characteristics.
- Define the term interview schedule and state the advantages and disadvantages of this data collection method. Describe the procedures used to prepare an interview, the concerns related to using an interview, and the recommendations for conducting an interview.
- Evaluate an existing interview schedule using the guidelines discussed in this chapter.
- Define the term observation schedule and state the advantages and disadvantages of using this data collection method. Describe the procedures used to prepare an observation schedule, the differences between high and low inference observations, the five ways of recording observations, and the training issues unique to observations. Evaluate an existing observation schedule using the guidelines discussed in this chapter.
- Define the term unobtrusive measure and state the advantages and disadvantages of using this data collection method.
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