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For quick reference, see Ephraim Katz, The Film Encyclopedia 3rd ed. (1998), and Leslie Halliwell, The Filmgoer’s Companion, 12th ed. (1997). For somewhat fuller discussions of directors, ranging from two or three pages to eight or ten pages, see Richard Roud, ed., Cinema: A Critical Dictionary: The Major Film-Makers, 2 vols. (1980). Good introductory books include Gerald Mast, A Short History of the Movies, 8th ed., rev. Bruce F. Kawin (2002); Leo Braudy, The World in a Frame (1984); Bruce F. Kawin, How Movies Work (1992); Thomas Sobchack and Vivian C. Sobchack, An Introduction to Film, 2nd ed. (1987); David Bordwell, Making Meaning: Inference and Rhetoric in the Interpretation of Cinema (1989); Edward R. Branigan, Point of View in Cinema (1984); and Timothy Corrigan, A Short Guide to Writing about Film, 3rd ed. (1997). For theory, see Film Theory and Criticism, 4th ed. (1992), eds. Gerald Mast, Marshall Cohen, and Leo Braudy (1992). Another helpful book is James Monaco, How to Read a Film: The World of Movies, Media, and Multimedia: Art, Technology, Language, History, Theory, 3rd ed. (1998). For an influential feminist study, see Laura Mulvey, Visual and Other Pleasures (1989). Articles on film can be located through International Index to Film Periodicals.
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