1 .		Humorist labeled the late nineteenth century the Gilded Age, "dazzling on the surface, base metal below."
2 .		English naturalist produced the theory of evolution by natural selection ("survival of the fittest") that many used to justify "rugged individualism" and exploitative competition.
3 .		In late nineteenth-century national politics, New England was a stronghold of support for the party.
4 .		Congressman William McKinley was reputed to be the most knowledgeable public official on the issue in the closing decades of the nineteenth century.
5 .		In the case (1896), the Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" guideline used to justify racial segregation in public facilities.
6 .		Late nineteenth-century black leader accepted a general policy of black self-help and accommodation to white racism.
7 .		Until they were denied admission by congressional legislation in 1882, immigrants from provided cheap labor for America's railroad construction firms.
8 .		In 1851, the U.S. government adopted a policy of toward the Plains Indians that was designed to divide and conquer the Indians by enabling the government to negotiate with each tribe separately.
9 .		The culminating irony of the mining frontier is that while individual prospectors discovered the ore, most of the wealth produced by the mines was made by .
10 .		The poorly drafted 1878 Act led to exploitation by lumber companies and the destruction of many fine forests in the Rocky Mountains.
11 .		The first transcontinental railroad was partly financed by passage of the 1862 Act that gave its builders a five square mile land grant for every mile of track laid.
12 .		farms were huge, corporation-controlled farms of tens of thousands of acres in the Dakota Territory in the early 1880s.
13 .		Open-range cattle ranching began to decline when Joseph Glidden invented .