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Chapter 1

Figure 1.1—The Political Disengagement of College Students Today

Table 1.1—Political Knowledge of the Young and Elderly

Figure 1.2—Presidential Election Turnout Rates by Age, 1972-1996

Figure 1.3—The Policymaking System

Table 1.2—Types of Public Policies

Figure 2.1—European Claims in North America

Table 2.1—Locke and the Declaration of Independence

Table 2.2—Power Shift: Economic Status of State Legislators Before and After the Revolutionary War

Table 2.3—How Three Issues of Equality Were Resolved: A Summary

Table 2.4—Economics in the Constitution

Figure 2.2—The Constitution and the Electoral Process: The Original Plan

Figure 2.3—Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

Table 2.5—Federalists and Anti-Federalists Compared

Table 2.6—The Bill of Rights

Figure 2.4—How the Constitution Can Be Amended

Table 3.1—Authority Relations in Three Systems of Government

Table 3.2—The Constitution’s Distribution of Powers

Figure 3.1—Fiscal Federalism: Federal Grants to State and Local Governments

Figure 3.2—Functions of Federal Grants

Table 3.3—The Number of Governments in America

Figure 3.3—Diversity in Public Policy: State Welfare Benefits

Figure 3.4—The Downside of Diversity: Spending on Public Education

Figure 3.5—Fiscal Federalism: The Public Sector and the Federal System

Table 4.1—The Bill of Rights

Table 4.2—The Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

Table 4.3—The Constitution and the Stages of the Criminal Justice System

Figure 4.1—The Abortion Debate

Table 5.1—Supreme Court’s Standards for Classifications under Equal Protection Clause of the 14^th

Table 5.2—Toward Racial Equality: Milestones in the Era of Slavery

Table 5.3—Toward Racial Equality: Milestones in the Era of Reconstruction and Resegregation

Figure 5.1—Percentage of Black Students in School with Whites in the South

Table 5.4—Toward Racial Equality: Milestones in the Era of Civil Rights

Table 5.5—Toward Gender Equality: Public Policy Milestones

Table 5.6—Discrimination Against Homosexuals

Table 5.7—Affirmative Action

Figure 6.1—The Coming Minority Majority

Table 6.1—Characteristics that Make Someone an American

Figure 6.2—Shifting Population

Table 6.2—How Party Identification is Passed Down through Generations

Figure 6.3—Turnout by Age, 2000

Figure 6.4—The Decline of Trust in Government

Table 6.3—How to Tell a Liberal from a Conservative

Table 6.4—The Political Ideology of Various Demographic Groups

Figure 6.5—Political Participation by Family Income

Figure 7.1—The Decline of Newspaper Circulation

Table 7.1—Spending Time with the News

Figure 7.2—The Incredible Shrinking Sound Bite

Table 7.2—Stories Citizens Like and Dislike

Figure 8.1—The Downs Model: How Rational Parties Match Voter’ Policy Preferences

Figure 8.2—Do People See Differences Between the Parties?

Table 8.1—Party Identification in the U.S., 1952-2000

Table 8.2—Organizational Characteristics of Parties at the County Level

Table 8.3—Party Platforms, 2000

Figure 8.3—Party Coalitions Today (party identification among differing social groups)

Figure 8.4—Partisan Control of State Governments, 2001

Figure 9.1—The Inflated Importance of Iowa and New Hampshire

Figure 9.2—The Declining Coverage of Conventions of Network TV

Figure 9.3—The Decline in Income Tax Check-Off Participation for Federal Financing of Campaigns

Table 9.1—The Big Spending PACs (of business, labor, and ideological/single-issue)

Table 9.2—1994 Campaign Spending by Democratic House Incumbents and Republican Challengers

Figure 10.1—The Electoral College Results for 2000

Figure 10.2—The Decline of Turnout, 1892-2000

Table 10.1—Turnout in 2000: State by State

Table 10.2—Reported Turnout Rate in 2000 by Social Groups

Table 10.3—Changing Patterns in Voting Behavior: 1960 and 2000 Compared

Figure 11.1—Perceptions of Dominance of Big Interests

Figure 11.2—The Benefits of Membership in the AARP

Figure 11.3—Associations by Type

Table 11.1—The Power 25 (richest companies in the nation)

Table 11.2—Percentage of Groups Using Various Lobbying Techniques

Table 12.1—A Day in the Life of a Member of Congress

Table 12.2—A Portrait of the 107^th Congress: Some Statistics

Figure 12.1—The Incumbency Factor in Congressional Elections

Figure 12.2—Contact with Members of the House of Representatives

Figure 12.3—Spending in Congressional Elections, 1998

Table 12.3—Home vs. Senate: Some Key Differences

Table 12.4—Standing Committees in the Senate and in the House

Figure 12.4—How a Bill Becomes a Law

Figure 12.5—Presidential Success on Votes in Congress

Figure 12.6—Party Unity Votes in Congress

Table 13.1—Recent Presidents

Table 13.2—Incomplete Presidential Terms

Table 13.3—Constitutional Powers of the President

Table 13.4—The Cabinet Departments

Figure 13.1—Executive Office of the President

Figure 13.2—Principal Offices in the White House

Table 13.5—Presidential Vetoes

Table 13.6—Congressional Gains or Losses for the President’s Party in Presidential Election Years

Table 13.7—Congressional Gains or Losses for the President’s Party in Midterm Election Years

Figure 13.3—Average Yearly Presidential Approval

Figure 13.4—Average Presidential Approval for the Entire Terms in Office

Figure 14.1—Federal Revenues

Figure 14.2—Total National Debt

Table 14.1—Tax Expenditures: The Money Government Does Not Collect

Figure 14.3—Federal Expenditures

Figure 14.4—Trends in Social Service Spending

Figure 14.5—Trends in Social Service Spending

Figure 14.6—The Federal Government Dollar (Fiscal Year 2002 Estimate)

Table 14.2—The President’s Budget: An Approximate Schedule

Table 14.3—The Congressional Budget Process: Targets and Timetables

Figure 14.7—Annual Federal Deficits

Figure 15.1—Growth in Government Employees

Table 15.1—Federal Civilian Employment

Figure 15.2—Characteristics of Federal Civilian Employees

Table 15.2—Full-Time Civilian White-Collar Employees of the Federal Government

Table 15.3—Bureaucracy and Governmental Waste

Figure 15.3—Organization of the Executive Branch

Figure 15.4—Organization of the Department of the Interior

Figure 15.5—Iron Triangles

Figure 16.1—Organization of the Federal Court System

Figure 16.2—The Federal Judicial Circuits

Figure 16.3—The Organization and Jurisdiction of the Courts

Table 16.1—Full Opinions in the Supreme Court’s 1999-2000 Term

Table 16.2—20^th Century Senate Rejections of Supreme Court Nominees

Table 16.3—Backgrounds of Recent Federal District and Appeals Court Judges

Table 16.4—Supreme Court Justices, 2001

Figure 16.4—Obtaining Space on the Supreme Court’s Docket

Figure 16.5—The Supreme Court’s Decision-Making Process

Table 16.5—Supreme Court Rulings in Which Federal Statutes Have Been Found Unconstitutional

Figure 17.1—Unemployment: Joblessness in America, 1960-2000

Figure 17.2—Inflation: Increases in the Cost of Living, 1960-2000

Table 18.1—Income Shares of American Households

Figure 18.1—Poverty Rates for Persons with Selected Characteristics, 1999

Table 18.2—The Major Social Welfare Programs

Figure 19.1—Health Care Spending in Selected Democracies

Figure 19.2—Who Pays Medical Costs? Government vs. Private Sources

Table 19.1—The Revolution in Environmental Protection

Figure 20.1—U.S. Military Interventions in Central America and the Caribbean Since 1900

Figure 20.2—NATO Membership

Table 20.1—Treaties and Executive Agreements Concluded by the U.S., 1789-1998

Figure 20.3—Trends in Defense Spending

Table 20.2—Size of the Armed Forces

Figure 20.4—The Spread of Nuclear Weapons

Figure 20.5—Exports and Imports

Table 20.3—Rich Nations, Poor Nations

Figure 20.6—American Dependence on Foreign Oil

Figure 21.1—Government Under the Texas State Constitution

Table 21.1—The Balance of Power

Figure 21.2—Female Representation in State Government

Figure 21.3—Institutional Powers of the Governors

Figure 21.4—Legislative Professionalism

Figure 21.5—Prototypical Modern State Court System

Table 21.2—State Judicial Selection Mechanisms

Table 21.3—Direct Democracy Mechanisms

Table 21.4—Local Governments in the U.S.

Figure 21.6—Mayor-Council Government

Figure 21.7—Council-Manager Government

Figure 21.8—Commission Government

Figure 21.9—State Government Revenues and Expenditures

Figure 21.10—Local Government Revenues and Expenditures

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