In 1968, a less invasive method of sex testing using genetics (use) by international sports committees.
Technicians (obtain) a buccal smear from the inner cheek (buccal region) of each female athlete.
Then, the smears (examine) for the presence of Barr bodies,
or inactive X chromosomes that (appear) as dark bands in the chromosome.
Because only one X chromosome (use) in any cell, the other X chromosome is turned into a dense, dark-staining Barr body.
Barr bodies (found) in any person with more than one X chromosome.
Problems (emerge) with the testing, however.
First, sex (not determine) by chromosomes but by hormones
and (exist) in more varieties than XX (female) and XY (male).
Second, 20% of the tests (fail) to correctly identify the athlete's genotype, giving both false positives and false negatives.
Thus, Barr body tests (reveal) chromosomal patterns alone, not sex.
Finally, since only women athletes (test),
many people (accuse) the sports committees of sexism.
In 1993, the international sports community (abolish) this gender testing.