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Common Errors Workbook |
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Punctuation and mechanics |
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31. Do not use dashes as periods |
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Used sparingly, dashes can add emphasis to a subordinate clause or phrase that is set off from a main clause. However, dashes should not be used instead of periods. Here are some ways to check on whether you are using dashes appropriately.
Analyze the material set off by the dash or dashes as either a main clause, on the one hand, or a subordinate clause, phrase, or word, on the other hand.
Example: The concept of Schadenfreude—pleasure in the misfortune of others—is something for which English has no single word.
The material set off by the dashes in this sentence is pleasure in the misfortune of others. This is a phrase, not a main clause, since it does not have a present or past tense verb (in fact, it has no verb at all).
If the material is a subordinate clause, a phrase, or a word, it can be set off by a dash. However, avoid using too many dashes in a single passage.
Example: English has borrowed hundreds of words from other languages—chic, ninja, and pumpernickel, to name a few. Some countries, however, resist borrowing words from English into their language—even going so far as to ban borrowed words from official documents.
Revised: English has borrowed hundreds of words from other languages—chic, ninja, and pumpernickel, to name a few. Some countries, however, resist borrowing words from English into their language, even going so far as to ban borrowed words from official documents.
If the material is a main clause, set it off with a period instead of a dash.
Example: Although some languages officially ban borrowed words, it is impossible to stop their everyday use—speakers will use the words they need to describe new objects and concepts.
Revision: Although some languages officially ban borrowed words, it is impossible to stop their everyday use. Speakers will use the words they need to describe new objects and concepts.
Remember: Use a dash to set off material only if it is not a main clause. Do not overuse dashes.
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