Practice 2: Verb Tenses

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From the Introduction to the Technical Assistance Manual of the Americans with Disabilities Act.

This technical assistance manual [1] (addresses, addressed) the requirements of Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, which [2] (applies, applied) to public accommodations, commercial facilities, and private entities offering certain examinations and courses. It [3] (is, are) one of a series of publications issued by Federal agencies under section 506 of the ADA to assist individuals and entities in understanding their rights and duties under the Act.

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From testimony given at a congressional hearing on laws governing the importation of software.

If these Rules go into effect without substantial change, the result [4] (has been, will be), in our view, demonstrable and detrimental restrictions on free trade. As it [5] (stands, has stood) now, US software vendors [6] (have enjoyed, enjoy) generally favorable market access to the Chinese government procurement market. This is true despite the many real challenges that our industry [7] (faces, has faced) in the Chinese market, including piracy of our products, lack of transparency in the adoption of government rules and inconsistent application of the "rule of law."

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The following is an abstract of an article published in the scientific journal, Molecular Ecology. An abstract is a short summary of a paper, and article, or a dissertation, which lays out the basic argument of the study.

Sorghum halepense L. (johnsongrass) is one of the world's most noxious weeds, and a paradigm for the potential dangers of crop-weed hybridization. Introduced into the southeastern United States about 200 years ago, S. halepense [8] (is, was) a close relative of cultivated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Both artificial crossing and experimental field studies [9] (demonstrated, have demonstrated) the potential for S. halepensexS. bicolor hybrid formation, but no prior study [10] (would address, has addressed) the long-term persistence of sorghum genes in johnsongrass populations. We [11] (survey, surveyed) 283 loci (on all 10 sorghum linkage groups) to identify 77 alleles at 69 loci that are found in US sorghum cultivars but [12] (were, are) absent from a worldwide sampling of johnsongrass genotypes. These putatively cultivar-specific alleles [13] (are, were) present in up to 32.3% of individuals in johnsongrass populations adjacent to long-term sorghum production fields in Texas and Nebraska.

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The following is an excerpt from a scholarly article that appeared in the law journal, the Columbia Human Rights Law Review.

Until March 25, 1995, the Seneca Nation of Indians [14] (existed, had existed) for almost 150 years as a constitutional republic without one of its members being killed in a domestic political dispute. Recently, however, the Seneca Nation [15] (was paralyzed, has been paralyzed) by internal conflict, including several months of open civil warfare, that not only has resulted in a loss of life but [16] (nearly destroyed, has nearly destroyed) the Seneca government. This "civil war," which [17] (had begun, began) as a dispute between the newly-elected President and two tribal Council members in 1994, was spawned by years of festering disagreements over politics and money that grew to envelop the entire political, social, and economic fabric of the Seneca Nation. While the risk of further internal violence since has decreased, the underlying issues that led to the conflict [18] (were not resolved, have not been resolved), and the dispute continues to the present day…

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My concern [19] (arose, arises) from the fact that I am a Seneca who recently witnessed the disintegration of my tribal government. Because it is obvious that native people generally, and Senecas specifically, [20] (are taking, have taken) actions that have the practical effect of destroying our own nations, I am greatly concerned about the fate of tribal sovereignty and our ability to self-determine the future. I [21] (hope, hoped) that my recent experiences, analyzed against the backdrop of general historical and legal developments, [22] (is, may be) helpful to the Senecas and other native people as we [23] (struggle, will struggle) for a better future for the coming generations.

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