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1. Author not named in your text
When you do not name the author in your text, place in parentheses the author's name and the date of the source. Separate the elements with commas. Position the reference so that it is clear what material is being documented and so that the reference fits as smoothly as possible into your sentence structure. The following would also be correct:
Unless none is available, the APA requires a page or other identifying number for a direct quotation (as in the preceding examples) and recommends an identifying number for a paraphrase. Use an appropriate abbreviation or symbol before the number-for instance, "p." for page and "¶" for paragraph (or "para." if you do not have the symbol). The identifying number may fall with the author and date (first example) or by itself in a separate pair of parentheses (second example). See also model 11.
When you use the author's name in the text, do not repeat it in the reference. Place the source date in parentheses after the author's name. Place any page or paragraph reference either after the borrowed material (as in the example) or with the date: (1968, p. 34). If you cite the same source again in the paragraph, you need not repeat the reference as long as it is clear that you are using the same source and the page number (if any) is the same. Here is a later sentence from the paragraph containing the preceding example:
When given in the text, two authors' names are connected by "and." In a parenthetical citation, they are connected by an ampersand, "&." 4. A work with three to five authors
In the first citation of a work with three to five authors, name all the authors, as in the example above. In the second and subsequent references to a work with three to five authors, generally give only the first author's name, followed by "et al." (Latin abbreviation for "and others"):
However, two or more sources published in the same year could shorten to the same form-for instance, two references shortening to Pepinsky et al., 1993. In that case, cite the last names of as many authors as you need to distinguish the sources, and then give "et al.": for instance, (Pepinsky, Dunn, et al., 1999) and (Pepinsky, Bradley, et al., 1993). 5. A work with six or more authors
For six or more authors, even in the first citation of the work, give only the first author's name, followed by "et al." If two or more sources published in the same year shorten to the same form, give additional names as explained with model 4.
For a work that lists an institution, agency, corporation, or other group as author, treat the name of the group as if it were an individual's name. If the name is long and has a familiar abbreviation, you may use the abbreviation in the second and subsequent citations. For example, you might abbreviate American Psychological Association as APA. 7. A work with no author or an anonymous work
For a work with no named author, use the first two or three words of the title in place of an author's name, excluding an initial The, A, or An. Italicize book and journal titles, place quotation marks around article titles, and capitalize the significant words in all titles cited in the text. (In the reference list, however, do not use quotation marks for article titles, and capitalize only the first word in all but periodical titles.) For a work that lists "Anonymous" as the author, use this word in the citation: (Anonymous, 1999). 8. One of two or more works by the same author(s)
When you cite one of two or more works by the same author(s), the date will tell readers which source you mean-as long as your reference list includes only one source published by the author(s) in that year. If your reference list includes two or more works published by the same author(s) in the same year, the works should be lettered in the reference list. Then your parenthetical citation should include the appropriate letter: "1973a" in the preceding example. 9. Two or more works by different authors
List the sources in alphabetical order by the first author's name. Insert a semicolon between sources.
The phrase "cited in" indicates that the reference to Wong's study was found in Marconi and Hamblen. Only Marconi and Hamblen then appears in the list of references.
Electronic sources can be cited like printed sources, usually with the author's last name and the publication date. When quoting or paraphrasing electronic sources that number paragraphs instead of pages, provide the paragraph number preceded by the symbol "¦" if you have it, or by "para." Even if the source does not number its paragraphs, you can still direct readers to a specific location by listing the heading under which the quotation appears and then (counting paragraphs yourself) the number of the paragraph in which the quotation appears-for example, (Morrison & Lee, 2001, Method section, ¶ 4). When the source does not number pages or paragraphs or provide frequent headings, omit any reference number.
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