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Electronic sources In general, the APA's electronic-source references begin as those for print references do: author(s), date, title. Then you add information on when and where you retrieved the source—for example, Retrieved January 8, 2003, from http://www.isu.edu/finance-dl/46732 (in APA style, no period follows an electronic address at the end of the reference). Using the following models for electronic sources, you may have to improvise to match your source to a model. Try to locate all the information required by a model. However, if you search for and still cannot find some information, then give what you can find. If a source has no publication date, use "n.d." (for no date) in place of a publication date (see model 28). Note When you need to divide an electronic address from one line to the next, APA style calls for breaking only after a slash or before a period. Do not hyphenate an electronic address. 19. A journal article that is published online and in print
If you consulted the online version of a journal article that appears the same way both online and in print, follow model 12 or 13 for a print journal article, and insert [Electronic version] between the article title and the following period. If you believe that the online version you consulted differs in some way from the print version, omit the bracketed insert and provide a retrieval statement with the date of your access and the complete electronic address for the article:
20. An article in an online journal
If the article has an identifying number, give it after the volume number and a comma. 21. A journal article retrieved from an electronic database
Many reference works and periodicals are available full-text from electronic databases to which your library subscribes, such as Pro- Quest Direct or LexisNexis. Your reference need not specify how you reached the database—for instance, through a Web site or on a CD-ROM. However, it should provide the appropriate information for the source itself—in the example here, for a journal article—and it should conclude with a retrieval statement giving the date of your access and the name of the database. 22. An abstract retrieved from an electronic database
23. An article in an online newspaper
24. An entire Web site (text citation)
Cite an entire Web site (rather than a specific page or document) by giving the electronic address in your text. 25. An independent document on the Web
Treat the title of an independent Web document like the title of a book. If the document has no named author, begin with the title and place the publication date after the title. 26. A document from the Web site of a university or government agency
Provide the name of the host organization and any sponsoring program as part of the retrieval statement. 27. An online government report
28. A multipage online document
For an Internet document with multiple pages, each with its own electronic address, give the address of the document's home page. Note the use of "n.d." after the author's name to indicate that the document provides no publication date. 29. A part of an online document
If the part of a document you cite has a label (such as "chapter 6" or "section 4"), provide that in parentheses after the document title: Multiple intelligences(chap. 6). 30. A retrievable online posting
Include postings to discussion lists and newsgroups in your list of references only if they are retrievable by others. The source above is archived (as the reference makes plain) and is thus retrievable at the address given. 31. Electronic mail or a nonretrievable online posting (text citation)
Personal electronic mail and other online postings that are not retrievable by others should be cited only in your text, as in the example above.
Provide an author's name for the software if an individual has the rights to the program. If you obtain the software online, you can generally replace the producer's city and name with a retrieval statement that includes the electronic address.
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