Johnson, who had consciously modeled his career after that of Franklin D. Roosevelt, considered social welfare legislation his specialty. The contrast with Kennedy could not have been sharper. In his inaugural address, Kennedy had made no mention of domestic issues. Kennedy's plans for federal aid for education, urban renewal, a higher minimum wage, and medical care for the aged were blocked in Congress by Republicans and southern Democrats. The same coalition also defeated his chief economic initiative—a broad tax cut to stimulate the economy. But Kennedy had reacted to these defeats mildly, almost wistfully. He thought the machinery of the federal government was cumbersome and ineffective.

Johnson knew how to make it work. On becoming president, he pushed hard for Kennedy's programs. Early in his career Johnson had voted against a bill making lynching a federal crime, and he also had opposed bills outlawing state poll taxes and establishing the federal Fair Employment Practices Commission. But after he became an important figure in national affairs, he consistently championed racial equality. Now he made it the centerpiece of his domestic policy. "Civil righters are going to have to wear sneakers to keep up with me," he boasted. Bills long buried in committee sailed through Congress. Early in 1964 Kennedy's tax cut was passed. A few months later, an expanded version of another Kennedy proposal became law as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

	a. Kennedy's influence on civil rights.
	b. Johnson's presidency and its effect on social reform.
	c. Johnson's early career in opposition to social reform.
	d. the effect of Kennedy's death on the country.

	a. Johnson's presidency, modeled after that of Franklin Roosevelt, championed the social reforms that Kennedy had wanted.
	b. Kennedy was concerned about civil rights but ineffective in changing government policies.
	c. Kennedy's death was the reason civil rights reforms were effectively initiated.
	d. Johnson was a strong man, impossible to oppose and used to getting his own way.

Why this speech caused a sensation has never been satisfactorily explained. McCarthy had no shred of evidence to back up these statements, as a Senate committee headed by the conservative Democrat Millard Tydings of Maryland soon demonstrated. He never exposed a single spy or secret American communist. One reporter quipped that McCarthy could not tell Karl Marx from Groucho Marx.

But because of the government loyalty program, the Hiss case, and other recent events, thousands of people were too eager to believe him to listen to reason. Within a few weeks he was the most talked-of person in Congress. Inhibited neither by scruples nor by logic, he lashed out in every direction, attacking international experts like Professor Owen Lattimore of Johns Hopkins University and diplomats such as John S. Service and John Carter Vincent, who were already under attack for having courageously pointed out the deficiencies of the Chang Kai-shek regime during the Chinese civil war.

When McCarthy's victims indignantly denied his charges, he distracted the public with still more sensational accusations directed at other innocents. Even General Marshall, whose patriotism was beyond question, was subjected to McCarthy's abuse. The general, he said, was "steeped in falsehood," part of a "conspiracy so immense and an infamy so black as to dwarf any previous venture in the history of man."

McCarthy was totally unscrupulous. The "big lie" was his most effective weapon: The enormity of his charges and the status of his targets convinced thousands that there must be some truth in what he was saying. Nevertheless, his crude tactics would have failed if the public had not been so worried about communism. The worries were caused by the reality of Soviet military power, the attack on Korea, the loss of nuclear monopoly, and the stories about spies, some of them true.

5. The topic of this passage is _______________.

	a. spies in the United States.
	b. Karl Marx's influence on the Senate.
	c. Joseph McCarthy and his infamous campaign to reveal traitors living in the United States.
	d. The many fears Americans experienced in the 1950s.

	a. spies in the United States are always caught.
	b. Joseph McCarthy initiated an infamous campaign to accuse against traitors living in the United States.
	c. Karl Marx and his theory of communism caused concern in the U.S. Senate.
	d. Americans had many fears about spies and their personal safety in the 1950s.

The great event of the decade for aviation, still an achievement that must strike awe in the hearts of all reflective persons, was Charles A. Lindbergh's nonstop flight from New York to Paris in May 1927. It took more than 33 hours for Lindbergh's single-engine Spirit of St. Louis to cross the Atlantic, a formidable physical achievement for the pilot as well as an example of skill and courage. When the public learned that the intrepid "Lucky Lindy" was handsome, modest, uninterested in converting his new fame into cash, and a model of propriety (he neither drank nor smoked), his role as American hero was ensured. It was a role Lindbergh detested—one biographer has described him as "by nature solitary"—but could not avoid.

Lindbergh's flight enormously increased public interest in flying, but it was a landmark in aviation technology as well. The day of routine passenger flights was at last about to dawn. In July 1927, a mere two months after the Spirit of St. Louis touched down at Le Bourget Field in France, William E. Boeing of Boeing Air Transport began flying passengers and mail between San Francisco and Chicago, using the M-40, a plane of his own design and manufacture. Early in 1928 he changed the company name to United Aircraft and Transport. Two years later, Boeing produced the first all-metal low-wing plane and, in 1933, the twin-engine 247, a prototype for many others.

7. The topic of this passage is _______________.

	a. Charles Lindbergh.
	b. the airplane.
	c. the growth of aviation technology in the United States.
	d. William E. Boeing's vision for aviation technology.

	a. advance airplane technology evolved from primarily military and entertainment use to commercial travel and transport as a result of Charles Lindbergh's famous transatlantic flight and William Boeing's vision.
	b. Charles Lindbergh became an American folk hero following his famous transatlantic flight.
	c. aviation began as a critical element in World War I.
	d. following its use in World War I, the airplane served as stunt equipment for circus performers.

The influence of Karl Marx (1818-1883) on world history has been so great that even the Wall Street Journal, that staunch advocate of capitalism, has called him one of the three greatest modern thinkers (the other two being Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein).

Marx, who came to England after being exiled from his native Germany for proposing revolution, believed that the engine of human history is class conflict. He said that the bourgeoisie (the controlling class of capitalists, those who own the means to produce wealth—capital, land, factories, and machines) are locked in conflict with the proletariat (the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production). This bitter struggle can end only when members of the working class unite in revolution and throw off their chains of bondage. The result will be a classless society, one free of exploitation, in which people will work according to their abilities and receive according to their needs.

9. The topic of the passage is

	a. Wall Street's three greatest modern thinkers.
	b. Karl Marx.
	c. Karl Marx and class conflict theory.
	d. Capitalism.

	a. The Wall Street Journal has named Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Einstein as the three greatest modern thinkers.
	b. Marx, who came to England after being exiled from his native Germany for proposing revolution, believed that the engine of human history is class conflict.
	c. Capitalists, the controlling class in a society, are envied by the proletariat, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.
	d. the bourgeoisie is responsible for the exploitation of the proletariat.