Chapter 1: Mastery Test 8

     ¹Speakers and listeners have to work together to make conversation an effective and satisfying experience. ²Conversational management includes initiating, maintaining, and closing conversations. ³Several approaches to initiating or opening a conversation exist.
     ⁴Self-references say something about yourself. ⁵Such references may be of the "name, rank and serial number" type—for example: "My name is Joe. I'm from Omaha." ⁶On the first day of class, students might say, "I'm worried about this class" or "I took this instructor last semester; she was excellent."
     ⁷Other-references say something about the other person or ask a question: "I like that sweater." "Didn't we meet at Charlie's?" ⁸Of course, there are pitfalls here. ⁹Generally, it is best not to comment on the person's race ("My uncle married a Korean") or physical disability ("It must be awful to be confined to a wheelchair").
     ¹⁰Relational references say something about the two of you: for example,"May I buy you a drink?" "Would you like to dance?" or simply "May I join you?"
     ¹¹Context references say something about the physical, social, cultural, or temporal context. ¹²The familiar "Do you have the time?" is a reference of this type. ¹³But you can be more creative and say, for example, "This restaurant seems very friendly" or "This Dalí is fantastic."