5.      One way in which your messages fail to recognize that language only partially symbolizes reality is with allness, which is the illogical assumption that all can be known about a given person, issue, object or event. The world is infinitely complex, and because of this you can never say all there is to say about anything—at least not logically. This is particularly true in dealing with people. You may think you know all there is to know about certain individuals or about why they did what they did, yet clearly you don't know all. You can never know all the reasons you yourself did something, so there is no way you can know all the reasons your parents, friends, or enemies did something. To avoid allness, end statements with an implicit "etc." ("et cetera") to indicate that more could be known and said; use terms that describe the areas between the extremes.

— Adapted from De Vito, The Interpersonal Communication Book, 10th ed., p. 158, p. 355

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	understanding your family	A. G
Choice A Choice B Choice C	ways to avoid miscommunication	B. S
Choice A Choice B Choice C	the definition of allness and ways to avoid it	C. T

6.      The parable of the six blind men and the elephant is an excellent example of an "allness orientation" —the tendency to judge the whole on the basis of experience with part of the whole—and its attendant problems. You may recall from elementary school the poem by John Saxe that concerns six blind men of Indostan who came to examine an elephant, an animal they had only heard about. The first blind man touched the elephant's side and concluded that the elephant was like a wall. The second felt the tusk and said the elephant must be like a spear. The third held the trunk and concluded that the elephant was much like a snake. The fourth touched the knee and knew the elephant was like a tree. The fifth felt the ear and said the elephant was like a fan. The sixth grabbed the tail and concluded that the elephant was like a rope. Each of these learned men reached his own conclusion regarding what the elephant was really like. Each argued that he was correct and the others were wrong.

— De Vito, The Interpersonal Communication Book, 10th ed., p. 159

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	the true nature of the elephant	A. G
Choice A Choice B Choice C	parables	B. T
Choice A Choice B Choice C	the definition and an example of "allness orientation"	C. S

7.      Although it is counterproductive to reduce science to a stereotyped method, we can identify a common theme of the scientific process: hypothetico-deductive thinking. The first part of this term refers to hypothesis, which is a tentative answer to some question—an explanation on trial. Consider, for example, this imaginary scenario: Scott and Ian, identical twins, are sleepy every day in their 1:00 history class; they want to know why, so they can prevent the drowsiness and improve their history grades. Maybe eating a big lunch just before going to history every day makes them sleepy. Or maybe the classroom is too warm. Maybe Scott and Ian are listless because they sit in the back of their history class and are less involved than they are in their other classes, where they always sit in the front. Or maybe it's just the time of day. These are all hypotheses, possible explanations for this daily behavior of sleeping through history class. It is possible to test these hypotheses.

— Campbell, Reece, and Mitchell, Biology, 5th ed., p. 14

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	reasons Scott and Ian are listless in history	A. G
Choice A Choice B Choice C	the scientific process	B. T
Choice A Choice B Choice C	hypothetico-deductive thinking	C. S

8.      The deductive in hypothetico-deductive thinking refers to the use of deductive reasoning to test hypotheses. Deduction contrasts with induction, which is reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion (as in "All organisms are composed of cells"). In deduction, the reasoning flows in the reverse direction, from the general to the specific. From general premises we extrapolate to specific results we should expect if the premises are true. If all organisms are made of cells (premise 1) and humans are organisms (premise 2), then humans are composed of cells (prediction about a specific case). In the scientific process, deduction usually takes the form of predictions about the results of experiments or observations we should expect if a particular hypothesis (premise) is correct. We then test the hypothesis by performing the experiments or making observations to see whether or not the predicted results occur. This deductive testing takes the form of "If . . . then" logic.

— Campbell, Reece, and Mitchell, Biology, 5th ed., p. 14

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	deductive reasoning in testing a hypothesis	A. T
Choice A Choice B Choice C	forms of logic	B. G
Choice A Choice B Choice C	premises	C. S

9.      Poets have long cried out on behalf of freedom. During the twenty years of Puritan domination in England (1641–1661) the poet John Milton, an avowed Puritan himself, nonetheless found its rigid moral laws hard to live with. On his honeymoon he wrote his most famous tract, Aeropagitica, espousing the right of free speech and even the need to legalize divorce! William Blake, in the gossip-prone 18th century, demanded the right to go naked in his garden. In "Auguries of Innocence" he wrote against prejudice and in favor of unconditional human rights:

A robin redbreast in a cage
Puts all Heaven in a rage

— Janaro & Altshuler, The Art of Being Human, 7th ed., p. 572

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	poets' expressions for freedom	A. T
Choice A Choice B Choice C	milton's most famous tract	B. S
Choice A Choice B Choice C	freedom and the arts	C. G

10.      Determinism formally emerged from the 18th-century revolution in philosophy, triggered by science, in particular, by the view that there can be no effect without a natural cause. Taking this scientific law and applying it to human behavior, some philosophers argued that all choice is limited by prior condition, limited so severely that it cannot be considered free. Each of us is in fact the product of a chain of cause and effect stretching back to the very dawn of existence.

— Janaro and Altshuler, The Art of Being Human, 7th ed., pp. 574–75

Using the pulldown boxes, match each item on the left to the corresponding item at right.

Choice A Choice B Choice C	scientific law and human behavior	A. T
Choice A Choice B Choice C	determinism	B. G
Choice A Choice B Choice C	freedom of choice	C. S