a. hearing.
	b. the difference between hearing and listening.
	c. the stages of listening.
	d. back-channeling cues.

	a. Listening is not the same as hearing.
	b. Hearing is a physiological process that occurs when you're in the vicinity of vibrations in the air and these vibrations impinge on your eardrum.
	c. Listening involves a series of five steps: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
	d. Note that the listening process is circular.

	a. two
	b. three
	c. four
	d. five

The words in bold type in the sentence are  

	a. addition transition words.
	b. time transition words.

The words in bold type in the sentence are  

	a. addition transition words.
	b. time transition words.

     In the earlier parts of the last ice age, before about 18,000 years ago, the African continent possessed a variety of climates not all that much different from those we know of today in Africa.
     At the heart of the continent, extending on both sides of the equator to about five degrees south and five degrees north latitude, lay a zone of high precipitation. Rainfall, annually totaling more than 1,800 millimeters (70 or more inches), was spread throughout the year, except for a short dry period of one or two months. This rainfall regime supported a far-extended region of tropical rainforest occupying, as it does today, the central Congo Basin of equatorial central Africa as well as a belt of country extending up to 300 kilometers inland along most of the Atlantic coastal regions of West Africa. All across these regions, a dense cover of tall trees formed the predominant ecotype. In a few areas, where sandy soils prevailed, patches of savanna vegetation could also be found deep within the forest zones.
     In West Africa to the north of the rainforest proper, and in the Congo Basin both to the north and south of the forest, lay regions with 1,300 to 1,800 millimeters (about 50 to 70 inches) of rain and a longer dry season of two to four months' length. Before human agricultural activity the natural vegetation of such areas would have been woodland savanna. This kind of environment is characterized by forest of less imposing size and density than the rainforest and with more interspersed areas of grass and bush.
     Moving still farther north or south, one would have encountered successively less well watered lands. Immediately north and south of the belts of woodland savanna lay drier woodland savanna with 800 to 1,3000 millimeters (about 30 to 50 inches) of rain a year. Next one would have reached steppe country with 150 to 400 millimeters of rain (6 to 15 inches) yearly. North and south of the steppe lands lay still more arid zones of desert steppe and desert.
     The northerly African zone of steppe environment formed the long east-west belt of country known today as the Sahel. To the immediate north of the Sahel, then as now, lay the vast region of desert we call the Sahara. The Sahara in those times was an even more extreme desert than it is today. In contrast, the southern African counterpart of the Sahel and Sahara, the Kalahari region, for the most part actually consisted of steppe country, with only limited areas of desert steppe and true desert occurring along the Atlantic coast and the lower Orange River.
     Finally, at the northern and southern extremes of the continent lay still another kind of climate regime. Here could be found two relatively narrow regions of subtropical Mediterranean climate, not unlike that of California, with relatively modest yearly rainfall arriving principally in the cool season of the year.

—Ehret, The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800, pp. 29-30

11. Which term best describes region A on the map? 

	a. the Sahel
	b. woodland savanna
	c. an extreme desert
	d. a zone of high precipitation

	a. the Sahel
	b. woodland savanna
	c. an extreme desert
	d. a zone of high precipitation

	a. the Congo Basin
	b. dry woodland savanna
	c. the Kalahari region
	d. the Sahara Desert

	a. the Congo Basin
	b. dry woodland savanna
	c. the Kalahari region
	d. the Sahara Desert

	a. the Kalahari region
	b. true desert
	c. subtropical Mediterranean climate
	d. the Sahel

	a. the African climate today and yesterday.
	b. African climate and vegetation about 18,000 years ago.
	c. the West African rainforest.
	d. African rainfall in the ice age.

	a. In the earlier parts of the last ice age, before about 18,000 years ago, the African continent possessed a variety of climates not all that much different from those we know of today in Africa.
	b. At the heart of the continent, extending on both sides of the equator to about five degrees south and five degrees north latitude, lay a zone of high precipitation.
	c. In West Africa to the north of the rainforest proper, and in the Congo Basin both to the north and south of the forest, lay regions with 1,300 to 1,800 millimeters (about 50 to 70 inches) of rain and a longer dry season of two to four months' length.
	d. North and south of the steppe lands lay still more arid zones of desert steppe and desert.

	a. space order, based on land features such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.
	b. time order, including how the climate and vegetation of today came into being.
	c. space order, based on zones of precipitation and vegetation.
	d. time order, including how the climate led to the establishment of settlements.

	a. from north to south.
	b. from east to west.
	c. from the equator north and south.
	d. from the steppes to the rainforest.

	a. last, before, today, next
	b. different, except, less, more
	c. both, and
	d. extending, central, inland, across, farther