Objective
To determine the implied main ideas and central idea in a textbook passage.

Step 1: Read the following passage from a college psychology textbook. Then answer the questions that follow either here or in your Lab Manual.

Your Basic Emotions
To capture the similarities among emotions, many researchers have tried to identify basic or primary emotions. Robert Plutchik (1980; Havlena, Holbrook, & Lehmann, 1989) developed a most helpful model. In this model there are eight basic emotions.

Figure 7.1
A Model of the Emotions

(Source: From Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis by Robert Plutchik. Copyright 1980 by Robert Plutchik. Reprinted by permission of HaperCollins Publishers, Inc.)

     The eight pieces of the pie represent the eight basic emotions: joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation. Emotions that are close to each other on this wheel are also close to each other in meaning. For example, joy and anticipation are more closely related than are joy and sadness or acceptance and disgust. Emotions that are opposite each other on the wheel are also opposite each other in their meaning. For example, joy is the opposite of sadness, anger is the opposite of fear.
     In this model there are also blends. These are emotions that are combinations of the primary emotions. These are noted outside the emotion wheel. For example, according to this model, love is a blend of joy and acceptance. Remorse is a blend of disgust and sadness.

Emotional Arousal
     If you were to describe the events leading up to emotional arousal, you would probably describe three stages: (1) an event occurs; (2) you experience an emotion: you feel surprise, joy, anger; (3) you respond physiologically: your heart beats faster, face flushes, and so on.
     Psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange offered a different explanation. Their theory places the physiological arousal before the experience of the emotion. The James-Lange sequence is: (1) an event occurs; (2) you respond physiologically; and (3) you experience an emotion, for example, you feel joy or sadness.

Figure 7.2
Three Views of Emotion

     A third explanation is called the cognitive labeling theory (Schachter, 1964). According to this explanation, you interpret the physiological arousal and, on the basis of this, experience the emotions of joy, sadness, or whatever. The sequence of events goes like this: (1) an event occurs; (2) you respond physiologically; (3) you interpret this arousal-that is, you decide what emotion you're experiencing; and (4) you experience the emotion. Your interpretation of this arousal will depend on the situation you're in. For example, if you experience an increased pulse rate after someone you've been admiring smiles at you, you might interpret this as joy. You might, however, interpret that same increased heart beat as fear when three suspicious-looking strangers approach you on a dark street. It's only after you make this interpretation that you experience the emotion, for example, the joy or the fear.

		1. The topic of the passage is _________.     a. the similarities among emotions   b. the eight basic emotions   c. the three views of emotional arousal   d. basic emotions and emotional arousal
		2. Based on the graphic labeled 7.1, the emotion of love is a combination of     a. joy and acceptance   b. optimism and submission   c. anticipation and joy   d. awe and submission
		3. The implied main idea of the first section of the passage entitled "Your Basic Emotions" is stated in which sentence?    a. The Plutchik model of emotions illustrates the eight basic emotions and their emotional blends.   b. The eight basic emotions include joy, acceptance, fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation.   c. Blended emotions are combinations of the primary emotions.   d. Remorse is a blend of disgust and sadness.
		4. The implied main idea of the second section of the passage entitled "Emotional Arousal" is stated in which sentence?    a. Emotional arousal occurs in three stages.   b. Three expert views of emotional arousal offer differing opinions about the number and sequence of the stages of emotional arousal.   c. One theory places the physiological arousal before the experience of emotion.   d. Emotions have a physical effect on the individual.
		5. The implied central idea of the entire passage is stated in which sentence?    a. Emotions cannot be controlled nor fully understood.   b. The eight basic emotions occur in distinct stages.   c. Experts have developed theories that help us understand the complexity of human emotions and the process of emotional arousal.   d. Experts in the field disagree about the nature of human emotions.
		Refer to the graphic labeled 7.1 to answer the following questions. 6. Aggressiveness is the opposite of     a. love   b. submission   c. disappointment   d. awe
		7. Joy and anticipation blend to create     a. love   b. optimism   c. acceptance   d. awe
		Refer to the graphic labeled 7.2 to answer the following questions. 8. The sequence of emotions labeled (a) in the graphic depicts     a. the common sense view of emotions.   b. the James-Lange sequence of emotions.   c. the cognitive labeling theory of emotions.
		9. The sequence of emotions labeled (b) in the graphic depicts     a. the James-Lange sequence of emotions.   b. the cognitive labeling theory of emotions.   c. the common sense view of emotions.
		10. The sequence of emotions labeled (c) in the graphic depicts     a. the James-Lange sequence of emotions.   b. the cognitive labeling theory of emotions.   c. the common sense view of emotions.