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A Milestone Year in the History of Anabolic Steroids

      ¹Two events in 1988 made that year a turning point in the history of anabolic steroids in sports. ²The media had been exposing the widespread use of steroids since 1969. ³But public interest was only briefly sparked, and media coverage would quickly dwindle. ⁴Then, in September 1988, in a dramatic moment in the Seoul Olympic Games, the Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson won the gold medal in the men's 100-meter dash. ⁵His time of 9.79 seconds broke world records. ⁶Yet, he was denied his win. ⁷He had tested positive for anabolic steroids. ⁸Then about a month later, another dramatic fact became known. ⁹The Journal of the American Medical Association reported the results of the first national survey on the use of anabolic steroids. ¹⁰The survey found that around 7 percent of all high school seniors were using or had used anabolic steroids.

—Adapted from Levinthal, Drugs, Behavior, and Modern Society, 3rd ed., p. 171

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