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DOCUMENTS xvii introduction chapter 1 The First Civilizations 3 The Visual Record: Ötzi's Last Meal: Tradition and Innovation in Prehistoric Europe 4 Before Civilization 6 The Dominance of Culture 7 Social Organization, Agriculture, and Religion 8 Mesopotamia: Between the Two Rivers 9 The Ramparts of Uruk 10 Tools: Technology and Writing 12 Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia 13 Sargon and Mesopotamian Expansion 14 Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire 16 The Gift of the Nile 18 Tending the Cattle of God 18 Democratization of the Afterlife 20 The Egyptian Empire 21 Religious and Royal Consolidation under Akhenaten 23 Between Two Worlds 24 The Hebrew Alternative 24 A King Like All the Nations 28 Exile 28 Nineveh and Babylon 30 The Assyrian Empire 31 The New Babylonian Empire 32 Persian Expansion 32 Questions for Review 34 Discovering Western Civilization Online 34 Suggestions for Further Reading 35 A Closer Look Discovering the Pharaohs 26 Documents The Code of Hammurabi 17 A Homesick Egyptian 20 The Kingdom of Israel 29 chapter 2 EARLY GREECE, 2500–500 B.C.E. 37 The Visual Record: Hecuba and Achilles: The Birth of Greek Civilization 38 Greece in the Bronze Age to 700 b.c.e. 40 Islands of Peace 40 Mainland of War 42 The Dark Age 43 Archaic Greece, 700–500 b.c.e. 47 Ethnos and Polis 48 Technology of Writing and Warfare 49 Colonists and Tyrants 50 Gender and Power 51 Gods and Mortals 51 Myth and Reason 53 Investigation and Speculation 54 Art and the Individual 54 A Tale of Three Cities 58 Wealthy Corinth 59 Martial Sparta 60 Democratic Athens 63 The Coming of Persia and the End of the Archaic Age 65 Questions for Review 66 Discovering Western Civilization Online 66 Suggestions for Further Reading 67 A Closer Look The Agony of Athletics 56 Documents The Race of Iron 45 Hector and Andromache 46 Two Faces of Tyranny 60 chapter 3 CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE, 500–100 B.C.E. 69 The Visual Record: Alexander at Issus: The Spread of Greek Civilization 70 War and Politics in the Fifth Century b.c.e. 72 The Persian Wars 72 Thermopylae and Salamis 73 The Athenian Empire 74 Private and Public Life in Athens 76 Pericles and Athens 79 The Peloponnesian War 79 Athenian Culture in the Hellenic Age 81 The Examined Life 81 Understanding the Past 82 Athenian Drama 83 The Human Image 85 From City-States to Macedonian Empire, 404–323 b.c.e. 86 Politics after the Peloponnesian War 86 Philosophy and the Polis 87 The Rise of Macedon 89 The Empire of Alexander the Great 90 The Hellenistic World 93 Urban Life and Culture 93 Women in Public Life 94 Alexandria 95 Hellenistic Literature 96 Art and Architecture 96 Hellenistic Philosophy 97 Mathematics and Science 100 Questions for Review 101 Discovering Western Civilization Online 101 Suggestions for Further Reading 102 A Closer Look Technology and Innovation 98 DOCUMENTS The Two Faces of Athenian Democracy 75 Socrates the Gadfly 82 Greeks and Barbarians 88 Alexander Calls a Halt 91 chapter 4 EARLY ROME AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, 800–146 B.C.E. 105 The Visual Record: Eternal Rome: From Village to Empire 106 The Western Mediterranean to 509 b.c.e. 108 Merchants of Baal 108 The Western Greeks 110 Italy's First Civilization 111 From City to Empire, 509–146 b.c.e. 113 Latin Rome 113 Etruscan Rome 114 Rome and Italy 115 Rome and the Mediterranean 119 Republican Civilization 124 Farmers and Soldiers 124 The Roman Family 126 Social Effects of Expansion 126 Roman Religion 127 Republican Letters 128 The Crisis of Roman Virtue 129 Questions for Review 132 Discovering Western Civilization Online 132 Suggestions for Further Reading 133 A Closer Look Hannibal's Elephants 120 DOCUMENTS The Twelve Tables 117 Polybius Describes the Sack of New Carthage 123 Cato's Slaves 130 chapter 5 IMPERIAL ROME, 146 B.C.E.–192 C.E. 135 The Visual Record: The Altar of Augustan Peace: The Making of the Roman Empire 136 The Price of Empire, 146–121 b.c.e. 138 Winners and Losers 138 Optimates and Populares 139 The End of the Republic 141 The Crisis of Government 142 A Life Worth Leading 146 The Augustan Age and the Pax Romana 147 The Empire Renewed 148 Augustus's Successors 154 Religions from the East 157 Jewish Resistance 157 The Origins of Christianity 158 Geographical Tour: A Tour of the Empire 161 The Western Provinces 162 The Eastern Provinces 163 The Culture of Antonine Rome 165 Questions for Review 166 Discovering Western Civilization Online 167 Suggestions for Further Reading 168 A Closer Look A Day in the Pax Romana 150 DOCUMENTS The Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus 141 Cicero on Justice and Reason 142 Peter Announces the Good News 160 chapter 6 The Transformation of the Classical World 169 The Visual Record: A Bride's Trousseau: The Synthesis of Christianity and the Classical Tradition 170 The Crisis of the Third Century 172 Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest 172 An Empire on the Defensive 173 The Barbarian Menace 174 Roman Influence in the Barbarian World 176 The Empire Restored 177 Diocletian, the God-Emperor 177 Constantine, the Emperor of God 179 The Triumph of Christianity 180 Imperial Christianity 181 Divinity, Humanity, and Salvation 182 The Call of the Desert 184 Monastic Communities 185 Solitaries and Hermits 186 A Parting of the Ways 187 The Barbarization of the West 187 The New Barbarian Kingdoms 192 The Hellenization of the East 193 Questions for Review 194 Discovering Western Civilization Online 194 Suggestions for Further Reading 195 A Closer Look The Stainless Star of Wisdom's Discipline 188 DOCUMENTS Tacitus on the Germans 175 Religious Toleration and Persecution 181 Love in the Two Cities 185 chapter 7 The Classical Legacy in the East: Byzantium and Islam 197 The Visual Record: From Temple to Mosque: The Continuity of Civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean 198 The Byzantines 200 Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State 200 Emperors and Individuals 202 Families and Villages 205 A Foretaste of Heaven 206 Iconoclasm 207 The Rise of Islam 209 Arabia before the Prophet 209 Muhammad, Prophet of God 210 The Triumph of Islam 212 The Spread of Islam 213 Authority and Government in Islam 215 Umayyad and 'Abbasid Caliphates 216 Islamic Civilization 218 The Byzantine Apogee and Decline, 1000–1453 220 The Disintegration of the Empire 221 The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad 224 Questions for Review 226 Discovering Western Civilization Online 226 Suggestions for Further Reading 227 A Closer Look Harems and Gynaiconites 222 DOCUMENTS The Justinian Code 202 The Qur'an 211 An Arab's View of Western Medicine 219 chapter 8 THE WEST IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 500–900 229 The Visual Record: The Chapel at the Waters: The Western Empire Reborn 230 The Making of the Barbarian Kingdoms, 500–750 232 Italy: From Ostrogoths to Lombards 232 Visigothic Spain: Intolerance and Destruction 234 The Anglo-Saxons: From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries 235 The Franks: An Enduring Legacy 239 Living in the New Europe 240 Creating the European Peasantry 240 Rural Households 241 Creating the European Aristocracy 243 Aristocratic Lifestyle 243 Governing Europe 244 The Carolingian Achievement 246 Charlemagne and the Renewal of the West 247 The Carolingian Renaissance 248 Carolingian Government 249 Carolingian Art 251 Geographical Tour: Europe in the Ninth Century 251 England 252 Scandinavia 253 The Slavic World 255 Muslim Spain 256 After the Carolingians: From Empire to Lordships 257 Disintegration of the Empire 257 Emergence of France and Germany 258 Cluny 258 Questions for Review 260 Discovering Western Civilization Online 260 Suggestions for Further Reading 261 A Closer Look The Jews in the Early Middle Ages 236 DOCUMENTS Two Missionaries 238 From Slave to Queen 241 Charlemagne and the Arts 248 chapter 9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 263 The Visual Record: The Royal Tombs at Fontevrault: A Queen and Her Kings 264 The Countryside 266 The Peasantry: Serfs and Freemen 266 The Aristocracy: Warriors and Heiresses 268 The Church: Saints and Monks 271 Crusaders: Soldiers of God 277 Medieval Towns 280 Italian Cities 280 Northern Towns 283 The Fairs of Champagne 285 Urban Intellectuals 285 The Invention of the State 290 The Universal States: Empire and Papacy 290 The Nation-States: France and England 294 Questions for Review 300 Discovering Western Civilization Online 300 Suggestions for Further Reading 301 A Closer Look Cathedrals of Light 274 DOCUMENTS Visions Like a Flame 276 Pope Urban II Summons a Crusade 278 Saint Francis of Assisi on Humility and Poverty 289 The Great Charter 298 chapter 10 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES, 1300–1500 303 The Visual Record: Webs of Stone and Blood: European Civilization at the End of the Middle Ages 304 Politics as a Family Affair 306 The Struggle for Central Europe 306 A Hundred Years of War 309 Life and Death in the Later Middle Ages 314 Dancing with Death 314 The Plague of Insurrection 317 Living and Dying in Medieval Towns 320 The Spirit of the Later Middle Ages 322 The Crisis of the Papacy 322 Discerning the Spirit of God 324 Heresy and Revolt 325 Religious Persecution in Spain 327 William of Ockham and the Spirit of Truth 329 Vernacular Literature and the Individual 329 Questions for Review 333 Discovering Western Civilization Online 333 Suggestions for Further Reading 333 A Closer Look A Room of One's Own 318 DOCUMENTS The Black Death in Florence 316 Convivencia 328 A Woman Before the Inquisition 326 chapter 11 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 335 The Visual Record: A Civic Procession: Community Building in Renaissance Venice 336 Renaissance Society 338 The Environment 339 Production and Consumption 340 The Experience of Life 341 The Quality of Life 343 Renaissance Art 344 An Architect, a Sculptor, and a Painter 345 Renaissance Style 347 Michelangelo 348 Renaissance Ideals 350 Humanists and the Liberal Arts 351 Machiavelli and Politics 353 The Politics of the Italian City-States 354 The Five Powers 355 Venice: A Seaborne Empire 356 Florence: Spinning Cloth into Gold 358 The End of Italian Hegemony, 1450–1527 359 Questions for Review 364 Discovering Western Civilization Online 364 Suggestions for Further Reading 365 A Closer Look The Fall of Constantinople 362 Documents On the Family 342 The Renaissance Man 351 The Lion and the Fox 354 The Siege of Constantinople 361 chapter 12 THE EUROPEAN EMPIRES 367 The Visual Record: Ptolemy's World: The Age of Discovery 368 European Encounters 370 A Passage to India 370 Mundus Novus 371 The Spanish Conquests 373 The Legacy of the Encounters 377 Geographical Tour: Europe in 1500: The Age of the New Monarchies 381 Boundaries of Eastern Europe 382 Central Europe 383 Western Europe 383 The Formation of States 384 Eastern Configurations 385 The Western Powers 387 The Dynastic Struggles 395 Power and Glory 395 The Italian Wars 396 Questions for Review 399 Discovering Western Civilization Online 399 Suggestions for Further Reading 400 A Closer Look Isabella of Castile 374 DOCUMENTS A Momentous Discovery 373 The Halls of Montezuma 378 Last Words 389 The Kingdom of France 390 chapter 13 THE REFORM OF RELIGION 403 The Visual Record: Sola Scriptura: The Bible and the Reformation 404 The Intellectual Reformation 406 The Print Revolution 406 Christian Humanism 407 The Humanist Movement 408 The Wit of Erasmus 409 The Lutheran Reformation 412 The Spark of Reform 412 Martin Luther's Faith 414 Lutheranism 415 The Spread of Lutheranism 418 The Protestant Reformation 419 Geneva and Calvin 420 The English Reformation 422 The Reformation of the Radicals 424 The Catholic Reformation 426 The Spiritual Revival 426 Loyola's Pilgrimage 429 The Counter-Reformation 430 The Empire Strikes Back 432 Questions for Review 434 Discovering Western Civilization Online 434 Suggestions for Further Reading 434 A Closer Look Utopia 410 DOCUMENTS A Dutch Wit 409 Luther on Marriage 417 The Eternal Decree 420 Heavenly Vision 428 chapter 14 EUROPE AT WAR, 1555–1648 437 The Visual Record: The Massacre of the Innocents: War and European Society 438 The Crises of the Western States 440 The French Wars of Religion 440 One King, Two Faiths 444 The World of Philip II 447 The Burgundian Inheritance 449 The Revolt of the Netherlands 450 The Struggles in Eastern Europe 453 Kings and Diets in Poland 454 Muscovy's Time of Troubles 455 The Rise of Sweden 456 The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 458 Bohemia Revolts 458 The War Widens 460 The Long Quest for Peace 463 Questions for Review 465 Discovering Western Civilization Online 465 Suggestions for Further Reading 466 A Closer Look The Monstrous Regiment of Women 442 Documents Catholics and Huguenots 445 Cannibals 451 War Is Hell 460 Fire and Sword 462 chapter 15 THE EXPERIENCES OF LIFE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE, 1500–1650 469 The Visual Record: Haymaking: Agriculture in a European Community 470 Economic Life 472 Rural Life 472 Town Life 475 Economic Change 477 Social Life 481 Social Constructs 481 Social Structure 482 Social Change 485 Peasant Revolts 486 Private Life 489 The Family 489 Communities 492 Popular Beliefs 495 Questions for Review 500 Discovering Western Civilization Online 501 Suggestions for Further Reading 501 A Closer Look Sex and the Married Man 496 DOCUMENTS Living by One's Wits 474 The Peasants' Revolt 488 A Feminine Perspective 490 The Devil's Due 498 chapter 16 THE ROYAL STATE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 505 The Visual Record: Fit for a King: The Grandeur of the European Monarchy 506 The Rise of the Royal State 508 Divine Kings 508 The Court and the Courtiers 509 The Drive to Centralize Government 512 The Taxing Demands of War 513 The Crises of the Royal State 515 The Need to Resist 516 The Right to Resist 517 The English Civil War 519 The English Revolutions 521 The Zenith of the Royal State 526 The Nature of Absolute Monarchy 527 Absolutism in the East 528 The Origins of French Absolutism 531 Louis le Grand 532 Questions for Review 535 Discovering Western Civilization Online 535 Suggestions for Further Reading 536 A Closer Look "King Charles's Head" 524 DOCUMENTS A Glimpse of a King 510 A Short, Sharp Shock 522 The Nature of Man 528 A Close Shave 531 chapter 17 SCIENCE AND COMMERCE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE 539 The Visual Record: Rembrandt's Lessons: Anatomy and the New Science 540 The New Science 542 Heavenly Revolutions 542 The Natural World 545 Science Enthroned 549 Empires of Goods 550 The Marketplace of the World 551 Consumption Choices 553 Dutch Masters 556 Mercantile Organization 560 The Wars of Commerce 563 The Mercantile Wars 563 The Wars of Louis XIV 565 The Colonial Wars 568 Questions for Review 569 Discovering Western Civilization Online 569 Suggestions for Further Reading 570 A Closer Look The Dutch Tulip Mania of the Seventeenth Century 558 Documents Stargazing 544 The Telescope 546 Encountering Pirates 561 Defining Commerce 564 chapter 18 THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE 573 The Visual Record: A Dashing Officer: The Rise of Militarism 574 Geographical Tour: A Grand Tour of Europe in 1714 576 Expansion of Western Europe 577 Realignment in EasternEurope 580 The Rise of Russia 581 The Reforms of Peter the Great 582 Life in Rural Russia 583 The Enlightened Empress Catherine 584 The Two Germanies 588 The Rise of Prussia 588 Austria Survives 591 The Politics of Power 593 The Greatness of Great Britain 596 The British Constitution 596 Parties and Ministers 597 America Revolts 599 Questions for Review 601 Discovering Western Civilization Online 601 Suggestions for Further Reading 602 A Closer Look Catherine Before She Was Great 586 DOCUMENTS Childhood Traumas 584 A King's-Eye View 589 Military Discipline 591 Unalienable Rights 601 chapter 19 Culture and Society in Eighteenth-Century Europe 605 The Visual Record: Happy Families: An Enlightenment Institution 606 Eighteenth-Century Culture 608 The Enlightenment 608 The Spirit of the Enlightenment 609 The Impact of the Enlightenment 614 Eighteenth-Century Society 616 The Nobility 616 The Bourgeoisie 618 The Masses 625 Questions for Review 635 Discovering Western Civilization Online 635 Suggestions for Further Reading 635 A Closer Look Giving Birth in the Eighteenth Century 628 DOCUMENTS The All-Knowing 609 The Human Condition 610 The Good of All 614 Love and Marriage 623 chapter 20 The French Revolution And The Napoleonic Era, 1789–1815 639 The Visual Record: Eighteenth-Century Revolution 640 The Crisis of the Old Regime in France, 1715–1788 642 The Financial Crisis 642 The Political Crisis 643 The Attempt at Reform 643 The First Stage of the French Revolution, 1789–1792 647 Taking Politics to the People 647 Convening the Estates-General 650 The Storming of the Bastille 652 The Revolution of the Peasantry 652 Women on the March 654 The Trials of Constitutional Monarchy 655 Experimenting with Democracy: The Revolution's Second Stage, 1792–1799 656 Declaring Political Rights 657 The Second Revolution: The Revolution of the People 658 "Terror Is the Order of the Day" 658 The End of the Revolution 660 The Reign of Napoleon, 1799–1815 661 Bonaparte Seizes Power 661 Napoleon at War with the European Powers 662 The First Empire and Domestic Reforms 663 Decline and Fall 664 Questions for Review 667 Discovering Western Civilization Online 667 Suggestions for Further Reading 668 A Closer Look "Let Them Eat Cake" 644 DOCUMENTS Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 648 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen 649 "What Is the Third Estate?" 651 The Civil Code of the Code Napoléon 665 chapter 21 INDUSTRIAL EUROPE 671 The Visual Record: An Iron Forge: Machinery and Industrialization 672 The Traditional Economy 674 Farming Families 674 Rural Manufacture 675 The Agricultural Revolution 677 The Industrial Revolution in Britain 680 Britain First 680 Minerals and Metals 682 Cotton Is King 685 The Iron Horse 688 Entrepreneurs and Managers 690 The Wages of Progress 692 The Industrialization of the Continent 698 France: Industrialization Without Revolution 699 Germany: Industrialization and Union 702 The Lands That Time Forgot 704 Questions for Review 706 Discovering Western Civilization Online 706 Suggestions for Further Reading 707 A Closer Look Industry and the Environment 694 DOCUMENTS The Wealth of Britain 687 The Sin of Wages 693 Exploiting the Young 698 The Slavery of Labor 703 chapter 22 POLITICAL UPHEAVALS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS, 1815–1850 709 The Visual Record: Potato Politics: The Plight of the Poor in European Societies 710 Geographical Tour: Europe in 1815 712 The Congress of Vienna 713 The Alliance System 716 The New Ideologies 718 The New Politics of Preserving Order 718 Romanticism and Change 719 Reshaping State and Society 723 Protest and Revolution 726 Causes of Social Instability 727 The Revolutions of 1830 729 Reform in Great Britain 732 Workers Unite 733 Revolutions Across Europe, 1848–1850 734 Questions for Review 740 Discovering Western Civilization Online 740 Suggestions for Further Reading 741 A Closer Look The Birth of the Prison 720 DOCUMENTS Young Italy (1832) 724 The Communist Manifesto 726 Flora Tristan and the Rights of Working Women 735 chapter 23 STATE BUILDING AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN EUROPE, 1850–1871 743 The Visual Record: The Birth of the German Empire: Otto von Bismarck's Role 744 Building Nations: The Politics of Unification 746 The Crimean War 746 Unifying Italy 750 Unifying Germany 752 Nationalism and Force 754 Reforming European Society 754 The Second Empire in France, 1852–1870 754 The Victorian Compromise 757 Reforming Russia 760 The Politics of Leadership 763 Changing Values and the Force of New Ideas 764 The Politics of Homemaking 765 Realism in the Arts 767 Charles Darwin and the New Science 769 Karl Marx and the Science of Society 770 A New Revolution? 771 Questions for Review 775 Discovering Western Civilization Online 775 Suggestions for Further Reading 776 A Closer Look A Working Woman 748 Documents The Russian Emancipation Proclamation, 1861 761 On the Origin of Species, 1859 768 Red Women in Paris 773 chapter 24 THE CRISIS OF EUROPEAN CULTURE, 1871–1914 777 The Visual Record: Speeding to the Future: Mass Society and the Rejection of Tradition 778 European Economy and the Politics of Mass Society 780 Regulating Boom and Bust 780 Challenging Liberal England 781 Political Struggles in Germany 783 Political Scandals and Mass Politics in France 785 Defeating Liberalism in Austria 787 Outsiders in Mass Politics 788 Feminists and Politics 788 The Jewish Question and Zionism 792 Workers and Minorities on the Margins 794 Shaping the New Consciousness 795 The Authority of Science 796 Establishing the Social Sciences 797 The "New Woman" and the New Consciousness 799 The New Consumption 803 Questions for Review 805 Discovering Western Civilization Online 805 Suggestions for Further Reading 806 A Closer Look Sigmund Freud, Explorer of Dreams 800 DOCUMENTS "J'Accuse" 787 Constance Lytton 791 "Angel" or Woman? 799 chapter 25 EUROPE AND THE WORLD, 1870–1914 809 The Visual Record: The Politics of Mapmaking: The First Standardized Map of the World 810 The European Balance of Power, 1870–1914 812 The Geopolitics of Europe 812 The Instability of the Alliance System 813 The New Imperialism 815 The Technology of Empire 815 Motives for Empire 817 The European Search for Territory and Markets 820 The Scramble for Africa: Diplomacy and Conflict 821 Gold, Empire Building, and the Boer War 824 Imperialism in Asia 826 Results of a European-Dominated World 829 A World Economy 829 Race and Culture 830 Women and Imperialism 831 Ecology and Imperialism 835 Critiquing Capitalism 836 Questions for Review 836 Discovering Western Civilization Online 836 Suggestions for Further Reading 837 A Closer Look The Power of Words 832 Documents Leopold II of Belgium, Speech to an International Conference of Geographers, 12 September 1876 818 Joseph Chamberlain's Speech to the Birmingham Relief Association 821 Karl Pearson and the Defense of Eugenics 834 chapter 26 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1920 839 The Visual Record: Selling the Great War 840 The War Europe Expected 842 Separating Friends from Foes 843 Military Timetables 843 Assassination at Sarajevo 844 A New Kind of Warfare 846 Technology and the Trenches 846 The German Offensive 848 War on the Eastern Front 849 War on the Western Front 850 War on the Periphery 852 Adjusting to the Unexpected: Total War 854 Mobilizing the Home Front 854 Silencing Dissent 856 Turning Point and Victory, 1917–1918 857 Reshaping Europe: After War and Revolution 859 Settling the Peace 859 Revolution in Russia, 1917–1920 861 Questions for Review 870 Discovering Western Civilization Online 870 Suggestions for Further Reading 871 A Closer Look The Women Who Started the Russian Revolution 864 DOCUMENTS All Quiet on the Western Front 848 War at Home 855 War Communism 867 Proclamation of the "Whites," 8 July 1918 869 chapter 27 The European Search For Stability, 1920–1939 875 The Visual Record: The Hard Lessons of Inflation 876 Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918 878 New Nation-States, New Problems 879 German Recovery 880 France's Search for Security 881 The United States in Europe 881 Crisis and Collapse in a World Economy 882 International Loans and Trade Barriers 882 The Great Depression 884 The Soviet Union's Separate Path 886 The Soviet Regime at the End of the Civil War 886 The New Economic Policy, 1921–1928 887 Stalin's Rise to Power 889 The First Five-Year Plan 889 The Comintern, Economic Development, and the Purges 890 Women and the Family in the New Soviet State 892 The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in Italy 894 Mussolini's Italy 895 Mussolini's Plans for Empire 896 Hitler and the Third Reich 897 Hitler's Rise to Power 897 Nazi Goals 898 Propaganda, Racism, and Culture 900 Democracies in Crisis 902 The Failure of the Left in France 902 Muddling Through in Great Britain 903 The Spanish Republic as Battleground 906 Questions for Review 908 Discovering Western Civilization Online 908 Suggestions for Further Reading 910 A Closer Look The Screams from Guernica 904 Documents The Depression for Women 885 The Results of the First Five-Year Plan 890 The Law on the Abolition of Legal Abortion, 1936 893 Adolf Hitler on "Racial Purity" 901 chapter 28 GLOBAL CONFLAGRATION: HOT WAR AND COLD WAR 913 The Visual Record: Precursor of War: The Annexation of Austria 914 Aggression and Conquest 916 Hitler's Foreign Policy and Appeasement 916 Hitler's War, 1939–1941 917 Collaboration and Resistance 921 Racism and Destruction 921 Enforcing Nazi Racial Policies 922 The Destruction of Europe's Jews 923 Allied Victory 928 The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War 928 The United States Enters the War 931 Winning the War in Europe 934 Japanese War Aims and Assumptions 935 Winning the War in the Pacific 936 The Fate of Allied Cooperation: 1945 936 Regulating the Cold War 942 The Two Superpowers 942 The Two Germanys and the World in Two Blocs 945 Questions for Review 949 Discovering Western Civilization Online 949 Suggestions for Further Reading 951 A Closer Look The Atomic Wasteland 940 DOCUMENTS Manifesto of the Jewish Resistance in Vilna, September 1943 927 President Franklin Roosevelt's Request for a Declaration of War on Japan, 8 December 1941 932 Japan's Declaration of War on the United States and Great Britain, 8 December 1941 933 "Glittering Fragments" 938 The Iron Curtain 943 chapter 29 Postwar Recovery and the New Europe To 1989 953 The Visual Record: Europe in Ruins: Warsaw, 1946 954 Reconstructing Europe 956 The Economic Challenge 956 The Solutions of the Soviet Union and the United States 956 Administering the Marshall Plan 959 Western European Economic Integration 960 Creating the Welfare State 961 Prosperity and Consumption in the West 964 The Eastern Bloc and Recovery 965 Family Strategies 966 Youth Culture and the Generation Gap 970 Prosperity and Protest 970 The Protests of 1968 971 Toppling Communism in the Soviet Union 973 Soviet Dissent 973 Détente: The Soviets and the West 974 The End of the Soviet Union 976 Questions for Review 978 Discovering Western Civilization Online 978 Suggestions for Further Reading 979 A Closer Look Dismantling Empires 962 DOCUMENTS The Marshall Plan 958 Report to the Twentieth Party Congress 965 The Second Sex 968 "Subterranean Homesick Blues" 972 chapter 30 The West Faces the New Century, 1989 to the Present 981 The Visual Record: Lost in Space: New National Borders, New Political Identities 982 Reshaping Europe 984 Russia and the New Republics 984 The Chechen Challenge 987 The Unification of Germany 990 Eastern Europe: Nationalism and Ethnicity 992 War in the Balkans 995 The History of Ethnic Differences 996 The War for a "Greater Serbia" 997 Kosovo and the Ongoing Balkans Conflict 998 The West in the Global Community 998 European Union and the American Superpower 999 A New Working Class: Foreign Workers 1003 Women's Changing Lives 1005 Terrorism: The "New Kind of War" 1007 Questions for Review 1012 Discovering Western Civilization Online 1012 Suggestions for Further Reading 1013 A Closer Look Televisions, Computers, and the Media Revolution 1000 DOCUMENTS Career Advancement, Communist-Style 987 A Woman Reporter Behind the Lines of the War in Chechnya 988 The Return of Fascism? 1008 Credits C-1 Index I-1
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