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Topic 16: Latin America, 1450-1750: Conflicts in the Contact Zone

Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice

This activity contains 26 questions.

	Which of the following practices was extended to the Americas as a result of Portuguese commercial and colonial experience elsewhere?   the encomienda the production of tobacco intendancy African slavery

	Which of the following practices was originally part of Columbus’s plans for the administration of the New World discoveries?   the intendancy fortified ports viceroyalties audiencias

	Encomiendas were   grants of land made to Spanish immigrants in the Americas. grants of Indians for labor in Spanish colonies in the Americas. monopolies granted to private individuals for commercial exploitation of specific regions in the Spanish colonies. small industries based on the sheep flocks of the New World.

	Which of the following statements concerning commerce to the Spanish colonies during the sixteenth century is MOST accurate?   Trade to the American colonies was managed by the Board of Trade who funneled all commerce through Seville and Cadiz. Trade to the Spanish colonies was entirely within the hands of English merchants under contract to the Spanish crown. Commercial relations with the American colonies were extremely limited, as the Spanish immigrants rapidly became self-sufficient. Trade to the American colonies was limited to Spanish merchants, but otherwise unrestricted.

	Which of the following men was an advocate of Indian rights?   Bartolomé de Las Casas Pedro de Valdivia Garcia Floridablanca Hernán Cortés

	The tremendous decline of the Indian population was matched by the rapid increase in   Spanish women. technological development. European livestock. imports of cotton cloth.

	When the encomienda system began to fail, the Spanish government   began to rely on Indian labor extracted through local officials, the mita. enforced its continuation by passage of a series of restrictive laws. responded by the creation of a free labor system. permitted the enslavement of the Indian population.

	The Spanish commercial system with the Latin American colonies was organized around   plantation agriculture. ranching. mining. textile workshops.

	The greatest concentration of mercury was found at   Potosa. Mexico City. Huancavelica. Santiago.

	Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America is NOT accurate?   Spanish America remained predominantly an agrarian economy. Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion in exports. Colonists faced with declining Indian populations found land ownership more attractive. In places where large sedentary populations existed, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued.

	Which of the following statements concerning the organization of trade with the Americas is MOST accurate?   Spain’s failure to develop a system of protection for its commercial fleets left colonial trade at the mercy of pirates and Spain’s European enemies. The rapid emergence of Holland as a naval power enabled the Dutch to monopolize almost all Spanish trade with the American colonies. Despite efforts to provide protection through a convoy system, one half of all ships traveling between Spain and the Latin American colonies fell to the Dutch, English, and pirates. The Spanish evolved a convoy system composed of galleons that carried manufactured goods to the colonies and brought back bullion.

	In 1494 Spain and Portugal clarified the boundaries of their colonial possessions in the   Treaty of Tordesillas. Treaty of Paris. Treaty of Westphalia. Treaty of Utrecht.

	In its final form, the Spanish colonial government in Latin America was divided at first into two and later into four   viceroyalties. corregidores. audiencias. consulados.

	In contrast to the Spanish colonies, Brazil’s economy was initially devoted to   mining. textile workshops. estate agriculture. ranching.

	By 1700, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population?   one-half one-third one-quarter two-thirds

	Which of the following statements concerning the Brazilian economy is MOST accurate?   The Brazilian model of estate agriculture based on slave labor could not be successfully duplicated elsewhere in the Americas. Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantations in the Caribbean undercut the Brazilian sugar industry. Because Brazil never developed a mining economy, sugar remained its most lucrative export. The demographic decline of the Indian population eventually made the production of sugar impossible, and estate agriculture in Brazil disappeared.

	Which of the following statements concerning Portugal’s economy is most accurate?   Portugal’s loss of Brazil to the French caused a crisis in the Portuguese economy from which the nation never recovered. The negative balance of trade with England caused an outflow of bullion and created economic dependency in Portugal. Brazilian gold paved the way for rapid capitalization of Portuguese industry. Brazilian gold was largely retained in the colony, so that Portugal scarcely benefited from its colonial experience.

	The Spanish policy that resulted in the opening of trade to the colonies to cities other than Seville or Cadiz was called   constituto de consulado. Intendancy. commercio libre. siglo d’oro.

	Which of the following statements concerning the eighteenth-century Spanish reforms in America is MOST accurate?   The English system of justices of the peace was introduced to replace the audiencias. The French Intendancy system was introduced. The Spanish reforms did little to alter the patterns of local administration and the fundamental structure of power and authority in the colonies. The Spanish colonies were largely demilitarized.

	By 1750, Latin America differed from the English colonies in North America in all of the following ways EXCEPT   the balance between Protestantism and Catholicism. its degree of local self-government. a substantial dependence on western Europe for markets and finished products. the percentage of Indians and people of mixed blood in the population.

	Which of the following does NOT correctly compare Latin America and the English colonies of North America by 1750?   Latin America had a less sizable and active merchant class than did the English colonies. Literacy and printing were more extensive in English colonies than in Latin America. Major Latin American cities had more Baroque cathedrals and public buildings than did English colonial cities. Spain phased out colonial controls voluntarily for Latin America, whereas the North American colonies had to fight for independence.

	In Spanish America, the top of the social hierarchy was occupied by _____, or europeos, as those born in Spain were called.   Iberians mestizos peninsulares creoles

	In the Spanish New World, the people of Indo-African heritage were referred to as   zambos. mestizos. mulattoes. creoles.

	Imported gold, and more importantly _____, affected the European economy more than all other foreign goods that came from the New World.   slaves food items spices silver

	Brazil and the West Indies generally provided sugar, tobacco, or _____ for export.   wines oils coffee corn

	In 1494, the pope divided the lands in the New World contested by Spain and Portugal by issuing a “bull of demarcation” in the   Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo. Treaty of Tordesillas. encomienda system. Treaty of Utrecht.

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