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Topic 16: Latin America, 1450-1750: Conflicts in the Contact Zone

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	was the word used to describe the Spanish-Indian population of the New World.

	The Treaty of in 1713 reduced Spanish influence in Latin and South America.

	After Cortés’ conquest, Tenochtitlan, became known as .

	The group that advised the Spanish king and directed the viceroys in Mexico was the .

	The system used by the Spaniards brought with it huge abuses, based as it was on serfdom, with no concern for the indigenous population.

	One of the main slave-trading sites for the Portuguese was .

	During some periods there did exist a trade in which slaves were carried to the Americas, sugar and tobacco to Europe, and European products to the coast of Africa.

	The patriarchal family was readily adapted to Latin America where large estates and grants of Indian laborers or provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance.

	After Columbus’s original voyage in 1492, a return expedition that included colonists in the next year established a colony on the island of .

	The move to royal administration was marked by the creation of administrative institutions: the governorship, the treasury office, and the royal court of appeals or .

	The regularization of commerce in Spanish colonies in the New World was managed by the located in Seville.

	The Dominican friar initiated the struggle for justice for Native Americans in Spanish colonies.

	In 1519 led an expedition of some 600 men to the coast of Mexico.

	The Aztec emperor was made a captive by Spanish invaders and then killed.

	was built by the Spaniards on the ruins of Tenochtitlan as the capital of New Spain.

	In 1535 led his men to the conquest of the Inca Empire.

	Unlike the Spaniards in Mexico, when the Inca capital of Cuxco fell in 1533, the conquerors built their new capital of closer to the coast.

	Searching for the mythical cities of gold, penetrated today’s southwestern United States from 1540 to 1542.

	conquered the Araucanian Indians of central Chile and set up the city of Santiago in 1541.

	were holders of grants of Indian labor who could use the Indians as workers or tax them.

	In the sixteenth century the encomienda was gradually replaced by the , a system of labor drafts.

	The discovery of a mountain of mercury at in Peru aided American silver production.

	Rural estates, or , producing primarily for consumers in America became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy in many regions.

	The Spanish scholar, , argued that Indians were not fully human and thus enslaving them was acceptable.

	The Board of Trade in Seville often worked in conjunction with a merchant guild or that had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America.

	The treasure fleets of Spain were made possible by the development of large, heavily armed ships called .

	The Treaty of , signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal, clarified the spheres of influence of the two nations.

	The Spanish Empire became a great bureaucratic system built on a juridical core and staffed to a large extent by .

	The body of laws for the Indies was so large and varied that it took almost a century to complete a great law code, the .

	The king of Spain ruled through a that issued the laws and advised him on all matters dealing with the American colonies.

	Within the Indies, Spain created two in the sixteenth century, one based on Mexico City and the other on Lima.

	The first official Portuguese landfall on the South American coast took place in 1500 when stopped briefly on the Brazilian shore.

	Minor Portuguese nobles were given strips of land along the coast called to colonize and develop.

	, hardy backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo, had explored the interior of Brazil, captured Indians, and searched for precious metals.

	In 1695 gold strikes were made in Brazil in the mountainous region that came to be called .

	, the port closest to the mines of Minas Gerais, became capital of Brazil in 1763.

	Peoples of mixed origins were called the , and they constituted a large and troublesome population that was relegated to secondary status.

	were people of Spanish blood who had been born in the New World.

	, moved by economic nationalism and a desire for strong centralized government, instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.

	spent six years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become Minister of the Indies and chief architect of reforms.

	The Bourbon reforms were paralleled in the Portuguese world during the administration of the , Portugal’s authoritarian prime minister.

	In New Granada, popular complaints against the government’s control of tobacco and liquor led to the widespread revolt in 1781.

	In Peru, a great Indian uprising took place under the leadership of Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, .

	In 1492 the Italian navigator , sailing in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, reached the Americas.

	A Spanish expedition under set sail westward in 1519 and eventually sailed around the world.

	Portugal emerged from the first round of exploration with coastal holdings in various parts of Africa and the Indian port of Goa, as well as a lease on the Chinese port of .

	The cultural interaction that took place with often disastrous consequences following the discovery of the Americas by Europeans is called the “. ”

	Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from the world economy, controlled international banking and commercial services, and exported manufactured goods were called nations.

	In the Americas, for many Indians and , people of mixed European and Indian blood, systems of estate management developed that exacted large amounts of labor.

	The first Spanish settlement on the American mainland was established in 1509 under the able adventurer, .

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