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Topic 16: Latin America, 1450-1750: Conflicts in the Contact Zone
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was the word used to describe the Spanish-Indian population of the New World.
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The Treaty of
in 1713 reduced Spanish influence in Latin and South America.
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After Cortés conquest, Tenochtitlan, became known as
.
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The group that advised the Spanish king and directed the viceroys in Mexico was the
.
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The
system used by the Spaniards brought with it huge abuses, based as it was on serfdom, with no concern for the indigenous population.
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One of the main slave-trading sites for the Portuguese was
.
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During some periods there did exist a
trade in which slaves were carried to the Americas, sugar and tobacco to Europe, and European products to the coast of Africa.
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The patriarchal family was readily adapted to Latin America where large estates and grants of Indian laborers or
provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance.
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After Columbuss original voyage in 1492, a return expedition that included colonists in the next year established a colony on the island of
.
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The move to royal administration was marked by the creation of administrative institutions: the governorship, the treasury office, and the royal court of appeals or
.
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The regularization of commerce in Spanish colonies in the New World was managed by the
located in Seville.
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The Dominican friar
initiated the struggle for justice for Native Americans in Spanish colonies.
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In 1519
led an expedition of some 600 men to the coast of Mexico.
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The Aztec emperor
was made a captive by Spanish invaders and then killed.
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was built by the Spaniards on the ruins of Tenochtitlan as the capital of New Spain.
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In 1535
led his men to the conquest of the Inca Empire.
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Unlike the Spaniards in Mexico, when the Inca capital of Cuxco fell in 1533, the conquerors built their new capital of
closer to the coast.
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Searching for the mythical cities of gold,
penetrated todays southwestern United States from 1540 to 1542.
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conquered the Araucanian Indians of central Chile and set up the city of Santiago in 1541.
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were holders of grants of Indian labor who could use the Indians as workers or tax them.
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In the sixteenth century the encomienda was gradually replaced by the
, a system of labor drafts.
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The discovery of a mountain of mercury at
in Peru aided American silver production.
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Rural estates, or
, producing primarily for consumers in America became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy in many regions.
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The Spanish scholar,
, argued that Indians were not fully human and thus enslaving them was acceptable.
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The Board of Trade in Seville often worked in conjunction with a merchant guild or
that had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America.
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The treasure fleets of Spain were made possible by the development of large, heavily armed ships called
.
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The Treaty of
, signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal, clarified the spheres of influence of the two nations.
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The Spanish Empire became a great bureaucratic system built on a juridical core and staffed to a large extent by
.
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The body of laws for the Indies was so large and varied that it took almost a century to complete a great law code, the
.
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The king of Spain ruled through a
that issued the laws and advised him on all matters dealing with the American colonies.
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Within the Indies, Spain created two
in the sixteenth century, one based on Mexico City and the other on Lima.
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The first official Portuguese landfall on the South American coast took place in 1500 when
stopped briefly on the Brazilian shore.
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Minor Portuguese nobles were given strips of land along the coast called
to colonize and develop.
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, hardy backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo, had explored the interior of Brazil, captured Indians, and searched for precious metals.
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In 1695 gold strikes were made in Brazil in the mountainous region that came to be called
.
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, the port closest to the mines of Minas Gerais, became capital of Brazil in 1763.
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Peoples of mixed origins were called the
, and they constituted a large and troublesome population that was relegated to secondary status.
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were people of Spanish blood who had been born in the New World.
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, moved by economic nationalism and a desire for strong centralized government, instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.
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spent six years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become Minister of the Indies and chief architect of reforms.
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The Bourbon reforms were paralleled in the Portuguese world during the administration of the
, Portugals authoritarian prime minister.
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In New Granada, popular complaints against the governments control of tobacco and liquor led to the widespread
revolt in 1781.
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In Peru, a great Indian uprising took place under the leadership of Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui,
.
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In 1492 the Italian navigator
, sailing in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, reached the Americas.
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A Spanish expedition under
set sail westward in 1519 and eventually sailed around the world.
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Portugal emerged from the first round of exploration with coastal holdings in various parts of Africa and the Indian port of Goa, as well as a lease on the Chinese port of
.
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The cultural interaction that took place with often disastrous consequences following the discovery of the Americas by Europeans is called the
.
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Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from the world economy, controlled international banking and commercial services, and exported manufactured goods were called
nations.
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In the Americas, for many Indians and
, people of mixed European and Indian blood, systems of estate management developed that exacted large amounts of labor.
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The first Spanish settlement on the American mainland was established in 1509 under the able adventurer,
.
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