1 .		In the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled which of the following unconstitutional? [Hint]   A. Jim Crow laws   B. The Civil Rights Act of 1854   C. public school segregation   D. Black Codes   E. Missouri Compromise of 1820
2 .		Which of the following had the effect of granting citizenship to all freed slaves? [Hint]   A. The Fourteenth Amendment   B. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas   C. Plessy v. Ferguson   D. The Thirteenth Amendment   E. The Fifteenth Amendment
3 .		With respect to gender and the Constitution, what is so unique about the Fourteenth Amendment? [Hint]   A. It granted women the right to vote in national and state elections.   B. No reference is made to gender in the Fourteenth Amendment.   C. It granted women the right to hold national elective office.   D. It added the word "female" to the Constitution for the first time.   E. It added the word "male" to the Constitution for the first time.
4 .		What overriding principle with respect to state and national citizenship was clearly established by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Bradwell v. Illinois and the Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873? [Hint]   A. The Fourteenth Amendment protected African-Americans from discriminatory state actions in public education, but nowhere else.   B. The Fourteenth Amendment did not enlarge the limited rights guaranteed by the Constitution, and thus, African-Americans could not be protected from discriminatory state action.   C. Native Americans were U.S. citizens.   D. The Black Codes were rendered unconstitutional.   E. Voting was a privilege of citizenship which states cannot withhold.
5 .		Laws enacted by Southern states that discriminated against blacks by creating "whites only" schools and other public accommodations were specifically referred to as [Hint]   A. Black Codes.   B. de facto discrimination.   C. franchises.   D. suffrage schools.   E. Jim Crow laws.
6 .		What device(s) did states use effectively to deny the right to vote to African-Americans in the 1800s? [Hint]   A. A. poll taxes   B. B. literacy tests   C. C. grandfather clauses   D. A, B, and C are correct   E. none are correct
7 .		What was the specific reasoning used by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) to uphold the constitutionality of the Louisiana law which mandated racial segregation on all public trains? [Hint]   A. Blacks, although free, were not considered to be citizens of the United States.   B. Separate facilities for blacks and whites provided equal protection of the laws.   C. Private discrimination was not subject to the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.   D. The Fourteenth Amendment only applied to the national government, not to the states.   E. The Fourteenth Amendment only applied to the local governments.
8 .		When the NAACP decided in the 1930s to mount a full-scale challenge to the constitutionality of Plessy's separate-but-equal doctrine, segregation practices first to be challenged were [Hint]   A. the private workplace.   B. professional and graduate education.   C. grade school education.   D. junior and senior high school education.   E. none are correct
9 .		What was the rationale used by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) when it ruled that the practice of segregation was unconstitutional? [Hint]   A. Segregation is a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment "inherently," even if the facilities are considered to be equal with respect to the buildings, staffing, and equipment.   B. African-Americans' First Amendment freedom of assembly was being unreasonably limited by segregation.   C. none are correct   D. The facilities were considered not to be equal with respect to the buildings, staffing, and equipment.   E. With segregation, states had neglected their obligation to provide for the "general welfare" of African-Americans.
10 .		The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in employment on the grounds of [Hint]   A. race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.   B. race, color, or national origin.   C. race, color, religion, national origin, sex, or sexual orientation.   D. race, color, national origin, or sex.   E. race or color.
11 .		Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex"? [Hint]   A. There is no such amendment to the U.S. Constitution.   B. The Fourteenth Amendment.   C. The Nineteenth Amendment.   D. The Fifteenth Amendment.   E. The Twenty-Eighth Amendment.
12 .		When the suspect classification of "race" is involved, the level or standard of scrutiny used by the U.S. Supreme Court is referred to as [Hint]   A. maximum rationality standard.   B. strict scrutiny or heightened standard.   C. intermediate standard.   D. none of the above, these standards were only used in the 1800s.   E. minimum rationality standard.
13 .		Which of the following practices have been found by the U.S. Supreme Court to violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? [Hint]   A. Virginia's maintenance of an all-male military college, the Virginia Military Institute   B. The Court has not ruled on the Fourteenth Amendment.   C. Draft registration provisions for males only   D. none are correct   E. statutory rape laws that apply only to female victims
14 .		If female athletes were denied having any sports teams at a public school where there were a number of male teams, the females would most likely to find protection under [Hint]   A. the Eighth Amendment.   B. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.   C. the U.S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.   D. Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.   E. the First Amendment.
15 .		Under the U.S. Constitution, Indian tribes are considered to be [Hint]   A. under the authority of local governments.   B. under the authority of the United Nations.   C. distinct governments.   D. under the authority of state governments.   E. a separate nation altogether, not under the authority of any government in the U.S.
16 .		The strategy since the 1970s to expand rights for Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, gays, and lesbians has been most successful in [Hint]   A. new civil rights acts passed by Congress.   B. new constitutional amendments.   C. presidential elections.   D. all are correct.   E. the courts.
17 .		To expand greater access for Hispanics to elective office, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) successfully sued the state of Texas in 1973 in the U.S. Supreme Court to bring an end to its [Hint]   A. singlemember electoral districts.   B. poll taxes.   C. segregated elementary schools.   D. segregated law schools.   E. multimember electoral districts.
18 .		In Bowers v. Hardwick (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that [Hint]   A. interracial marriages may be prohibited by the states.   B. a state may not prohibit marriages between gays or lesbians.   C. a Georgia law that made private acts of consensual sodomy illegal was constitutional.   D. homosexuals were a protected class under the civil rights acts.   E. homosexuals were a protected class under the Constitution.
19 .		In the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court case of Regents of California v. Bakke, the use of [Hint]   A. strict quotas in university admissions was found to be illegal.   B. race-based preferences are always acceptable to encourage job placement of minorities.   C. race as one factor among many other factors as the basis for university admissions was found to be legal.   D. all affirmative action programs was found to be illegal.   E. segregation in the public schools was found to be illegal.
20 .		With respect to the trend since the late 1980s toward affirmative action programs, the Congress, states, and actions of the U.S. Supreme Court have been moving toward [Hint]   A. limiting affirmative action programs, particularly those which use quotas.   B. refusing to hear affirmative action cases.   C. limiting affirmative action programs in employment, but broadening their use in higher education.   D. limiting affirmative action programs in higher education, but broadening their use in employment.   E. broadening affirmative action programs.