1 .		In 1808 Napoleon placed the king of Spain and his son under arrest and forced them to abdicate in favor of his .
2 .		In Mexico the independence conspiracy among leading creoles moved Father to turn to the Indians and mestizos of his region in 1810.
3 .		, a creole officer at the head of the army sent to crush the independence movement in Mexico, instead joined forces with them and occupied Mexico City in 1821.
4 .		In 1822 Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador united into a new nation called .
5 .		In Buenos Aires, had emerged as the military commander willing to speak and act for independence.
6 .		Peru and Bolivia were united between 1829 and 1839 under the mestizo general .
7 .		The mobilization of large armies with loyalties to regional commanders led to the rise of , independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies.
8 .		A struggle often developed between who wanted to create strong national governments with broad powers and federalists, who wanted policies to be set by regional governments.
9 .		A local leader named was the architect of unity among the Manchu tribes.
10 .		Following defeat in the Mexican American War, Mexico was forced to sign the disadvantageous Treaty of .
11 .		One of the most influential opponents of Santa Ana following the Mexican American War was , a humble Indian who had received a legal education.
12 .		The Liberal revolt against Santa Ana's rule, called , began in 1854.
13 .		At French urging , an Austrian Archduke, was convinced to take the throne of Mexico in 1862.
14 .		By 1862, in a movement resembling La Reforma in Mexico, the provinces surrounding the Rio de la Plata were united in a unified nation called the .
15 .		President of Argentina initiated a wide series of political reforms and economic measures critical of the rule of the caudillos.
16 .		In the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, coffee estates or began to spread toward the interior as new lands were opened.
17 .		theory held out the promise that any society could move toward a brighter future by essentially following the path taken earlier by the industrialization of Western Europe.
18 .		In 1876 , one of Juarez's generals, was elected president and proceeded to dominate Mexican politics for 35 years.
19 .		The outbreak of the War in 1898 opened the door to direct U.S. involvement in the Caribbean.
20 .		The , obtained in return for support of an independence movement, was a remarkable engineering feat and a fitting symbol of the technological and industrial strength of the United States.