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Adams, John
Adams was Washington's vice president and defeated Jefferson for the presidency in the election of 1796. During his term he resisted his party's demand for war with France, but lost his bid for reelection in 1800.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
In 1798, the Federalist Congress passed the Alien and Sedition acts to attack the Republican party and suppress dissent against the Adams administration and Federalist policies.
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B
Bank of the United States
In 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton proposed the creation of a joint public and private national bank to store government funds, collect and expend government revenue, and issue bank notes to serve as a national currency.
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Battle of Fallen Timbers In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's
army decisively defeated the Indians in Ohio, and the ensuing Treaty of
Greenville opened the way for white settlement in the region.
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C
Convention of Mortefontaine
The Convention of Mortefontaine (also known as the Convention of 1800) was negotiated with Napoleon. It ended the Franco-American Alliance of 1778, removed some French restrictions on U.S. commerce, and ended the Quasi-War provoked by the XYZ Affair.
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E
Election of 1800
In the election of 1800, both Jefferson and Aaron Burr received seventy-three votes in the electoral college. Because of the tie, the Constitution required that the House of Representatives, voting by states, choose between them. Jefferson was elected. The Twelfth Amendment was adopted to prevent a similar occurrence in the future.
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F
Farewell Address
President Washington decided not to seek reelection in 1796. Near the end of his term he delivered a farewell address that warned the nation against the bad effects of rivalry between political parties and to beware the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations.
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Federalist party
One of the original two political parties, the Federalist party was organized by Alexander Hamilton and generally stood for B national government, a mercantilist economy, implied constitutional powers, and friendship with Britain.
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G
Genet, Citizen Genet was a special representative to the United States sent by the French government to seek support for the French Revolution. He was popularly received, but when he began recruiting ships and men for service to France, President Washington demanded his departure.
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H
Hamilton, Alexander
Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury. He was the leading spokesman for a B national government and organized the Federalist party.
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I
implied powers
The doctrine of implied powers, articulated by Alexander Hamilton, argued that Congress's powers went beyond those explicitly provided in the Constitution; that so long as a bill's purpose was constitutional, Congress had the power to enact it. This is also called "loose construction" of the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson argued that the Constitution must be strictly followed as written—there was little or no room for interpreting additional powers for the national government. This strict-constructionist view ran counter to the Hamilton's implied-powers view.
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J
Jay, John Jay coauthored "The Federalist,"
served as chief justice, and negotiated the controversial Jay Treaty with
Britain in 1794-1795.
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Jay's Treaty
John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain in 1794 in which the British agreed to evacuate posts in the American Northwest and settle some maritime disputes. Jay agreed to accept Britain's definition of America's neutral rights. The terms of the treaty provoked a storm of protest, but it was narrowly ratified in 1795.
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L
loose construction
The doctrine of implied powers, articulated by Alexander Hamilton, argued that Congress's powers went beyond those explicitly provided in the Constitution; that so long as a bill's purpose was constitutional, Congress had the power to enact it. This is also called "loose construction" of the Constitution.
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M
Madison, James
Madison proposed the Virginia Plan to the Constitutional Convention, coauthored "The Federalist," and helped Jefferson organize the Republican party. He wrote "The Federalist" No. 10, the Virginia Resolution in 1798, and became president in 1809.
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P
Pinckney, Thomas Pinckney negotiated the Treaty
of San Lorenzo with Spain in 1795. It opened the Mississippi River to American
trade, guaranteed Americans the right of deposit at New Orleans, and settled a
dispute over the Florida boundary.
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Pinckney's Treaty
In Pinckney's Treaty (also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo), Spain granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans. It also settled the boundary dispute between Spanish Florida and the United States on terms favorable to the United States.
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Proclamation of Neutrality
When war broke out between England and France in 1793, President Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality committing the United States to be friendly and impartial toward both nations.
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Q
Quasi-War
France interpreted the Jay Treaty as a threat to French interests, and in 1797, the French began seizing American ships while American privateers began attacking French shipping. This undeclared war on the high seas was dubbed the Quasi-War, or False War.
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R
Report on Manufactures
In 1791, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton issued a bold call for economic planning. His "Report on Manufactures" called for tariffs and subsidies to encourage investment in American manufacturing. Congress rejected this proposal.
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Report on the Public Credit In 1791, Secretary of the
Treasury Alexander Hamilton recommended that Congress fund the national debt at
par and assume the states' debts. He was trying to establish the financial
credit of the new national government and attract the support of the nation's
wealthy citizens.
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Republican party One of the original two political
parties, the Republican party was organized by James Madison and Thomas
Jefferson and generally stood for states' rights, an agricultural and commercial
economy, strict construction of the Constitution, and friendship with France.
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T
Treaty of San Lorenzo
In the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's Treaty), Spain granted the United States free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans. It also settled the boundary dispute between Spanish Florida and the United States on terms favorable to the United States.
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Twelfth Amendment The Twelfth Amendment, ratified in 1804,
provided for separate balloting for president and vice president in the
electoral college.
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V
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. They argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, and Jefferson argued that each state had a general right to declare null and void congressional acts they deemed unconstitutional.
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W
Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvania farmers violently resisted paying the tax on whiskey imposed by Hamilton's financial program. In 1794, they threatened to destroy Pittsburgh. Washington and Hamilton marshaled the full force of the army to suppress the rebellion, but the rebels had dispersed by the time the army arrived.
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X
XYZ Affair
American peace commissioners sent to France by President Adams in 1797 were insulted by their French counterparts, dubbed Mr. X, Y, and Z in American newspapers. America's tender sense of national honor was outraged, and the affair led Federalists to demand war against France.
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